1. GeoTrackAn efficient simulation tool for the analysis of heavy vehicle manoeuvrability Contents Christopher de Saxe, Robert Berman CSIR Built Environment 9 July 2018 37th Southern African Transport Conference

2. Outline • Introduction • Performance-Based Standards (PBS) • Low speed manoeuvrability: metrics & assessment • Motivation for GeoTrack • GeoTrack overview • Field testing validation • Closing remarks • Applications of GeoTrack in industry and research • Conclusions and future development

3. Introduction Performance-based standards Low-speed manoeuvrability assessment Motivation

4. Performance-Based Standards Images courtesy of the Australian National Transport Commission

5. Performance-Based Standards

6. Low-speed manoeuvrability measures

7. Low-speed manoeuvrability measures

8. Motivation for GeoTrack • Existing tools and methods • Multibody dynamics software (TruckSIM, Adams) • Analytical models (differential solvers) • Physical testing • Limitations • Model setup and solver time • Detailed vehicle parameters needed • Analytically defined paths • Restricted vehicle models (subject to additional licences) • High costs • Need • Unlimited vehicle combinations • Minimal vehicle parameters (preliminary design drawings) • Computationally efficient (design optimisation) • PBS analysis + route assessment functionality

9. GeoTrack overview

10. Overview

11. PBS assessment results Swept path Tail swing Frontal swing, DoM, MoD

12. Generalised assessment results Road extremities Vehicle paths Google maps image Scale factor

13. Highlights • Only basic vehicle dimensions needed • Unlimited vehicle combinations and lengths • Solves in a few seconds (optimisation friendly) • Compatible with any path type • Multiple path-following models • Pre-defined PBS manoeuvres and metrics • Standalone lightweight solver, independent of more complex expensive software

14. Field testing validation

15. Field test overview BuhleBetfu A-double (MAN + Afrit) Trajectory marking

16. Field test overview 90 deg 12.5 m radius Trajectory markings

17. Test site imaging and image warping y y x Original ground-view photo x Rectified birds-eye view

18. Image stitching and processing

19. Field test results GeoTrack Vehicle test

20. Field test results Also, average 2% error in validations against TruckSIM (C de Saxe, MSc dissertation, 2012)

21. Closing remarks Applications of GeoTrack in industry/research Conclusions and future work

22. Applications of GeoTrack • Research applications: • Benade et al, “A pro-forma design for car-carriers: low-speed performance-based standards,” SATC, 2015 • Berman et al, “Hyperformance: Predicting high-speed performance of a B-double,” HVTT14, 2016 • De Saxe et al, “Tail swing performance of the South African car-carrier fleet,” HVTT12, 2012 • Industry applications: • PBS route clearance for provinces • PBS vehicle optimisation (operators and trailer OEMs) • Car-carrier loading restrictions

23. Conclusions & future development • GeoTrack is a lightweightand versatile vehicle manoeuvreability simulation tool, validated through simulation and field testing. • It has been tailored for both PBS and generic applications. • It is currently available for research and commercial use on a consulting basis • We are aiming to package it as a standalone product or online tool in future, if the need exists.

24. Thank you. Contact: cdsaxe@csir.co.za

25. Image distortion correction Calibration images Distorted Undistorted