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Old Testament

Old Testament. Part I. Old Testament. Part I Lecture III. The Torah. Pentateuch. Torah - - Pentateuch. Torah is the traditional name for the set of books consisting of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

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Old Testament

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  1. Old Testament Part I

  2. Old Testament Part I Lecture III

  3. The Torah Pentateuch

  4. Torah --Pentateuch • Torah is the traditional name for the set of books consisting of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. • modern readers also call it the Pentateuch, a term derived from the Greek Pente“ = Five” and teuchos “ = scrolls”. • Typically the term Pentateuch is used in academic settings and Torah in religious ones.

  5. Author • A number of texts associate the Torah with Moses. • Joshua built an altar using the specifications in "the book of the Torah of Moses" (Joshua 8:31) • David charged Solomon to keep the commandments "as written in the Torah of Moses" (1 Kings 2:3). • Ezra read from "the book of the Torah of Moses, which the Lord had given to Israel" (Nehemiah 8:1). • About this same time the Chronicler referred to a passage from Deuteronomy as being from "the book of Moses" (2 Chronicles 25:4). • The Jewish philosopher Philo, the Jewish historian Josephus, and New Testament writers (see Matthew 19:7-8 and Acts 15:1), all first century C.E. sources, assumed the Torah's Mosaic authorship, as did the Babylonian Talmud.

  6. Hebrew Names of the Five Books • The Hebrew Bible names the books by their starting verses. • so the Book of Genesis is called Bereshith"in the beginning", • Exodus called Shemot"the names", • Leviticus called Vayyiqra"and He summoned", • Numbers called BeMidbar"in the wilderness",and • Deuteronomy called Debarim"words".

  7. What is the Pentateuch all about? • The Pentateuch begins at the beginning, with creation. • The Pentateuch is basically the story God’s people, the nation of Israel. • It explains where the nation came from, how God saved her from extinction and the struggles in her relationship with God. • But the Pentateuch is not simply a history of Israel. It contains much that we would not expect in a national history and omits certain details that might ordinarily be considered historically pertinent.

  8. Genesis • “Genesis” comes from a Greek word meaning “origins.” • The first eleven chapters of Genesis describe the beginning of the universe, humanity, sin, and punishment. • These opening chapters are crucial for understanding the rest of the Bible because they reveal God’s nature, the role of His created universe, and the position humanity holds in that universe.

  9. Genesis • Genesis 12—50 is the story of Abraham, his family, and their journey of faith. • Their story is one of enduring value because they responded to God in faithfulness. • The text presents each character honestly, with no attempt to hide shortcomings. • But the point of Genesis 12—50 is that these people believed God, and he used their faith as the solution to the sin problem in the world, or at least as the beginning of the solution. So this first book of the Bible tells of the beginnings of the world and of God’s people. • Genesis describes the beginning of everything except God.

  10. Exodus • Exodus relates the preparation and call of Moses, and his role in leading the Israelites out of Egypt (“Exodus” means “departure”). • This miraculous deliverance of God’s people is the formative event in Israelite history and the best example of God’s power and grace. • As such, the exodus is the Old Testament equivalent to the cross in the New Testament. • The book also describes God’s special new binding relationship (covenant) with His people (chapters 19—40).

  11. Leviticus This book seems to interrupt the historical thought flow, and impresses many modern readers as strange. But Leviticus (having to do with the sons of “Levi,” or priests) is indispensable to the total message of the Pentateuch. It calls God’s people to ritual and moral purity. In Exodus, God liberated captive Israel and established a unique relationship with her. Leviticus focuses on how the people can maintain that relationship. It instructs the priests in how to offer appropriate sacrifices to God. This book is thus devoted to preserving Israel’s holy moral character as an aid to worship and enjoyment of the Lord and His blessings.

  12. Numbers The Book of Numbers continues the story of Israel’s journey to the Promised Land. The book opens with elaborate preparations for leaving Mount Sinai where the covenant has been established (including a census of the people—hence the name “Numbers”). But the book then describes a series of events in which the people chose to disobey God. Israel’s disobedience cost her dearly, as God did not permit her to enter the Promised Land immediately. Numbers relates how God’s people tragically wandered in the desert for forty years, unable to accomplish what He had in store for them.

  13. Deuteronomy Deuteronomy, the final book of the Pentateuch, is a series of Moses’ farewell speeches. On the plains of Moab, across the Jordan River from the Promised Land, Moses addresses God’s people and prepares them for the future. He restates the law of the covenant (“Deuteronomy” means “second law”), and warns them against turning from God to worship other deities. The book aims to reestablish the covenant between God and His people.

  14. Summary We may summarize the Pentateuch as follows. Genesis is a book of origins. It describes the beginningsof the universe and the origins of God’s people. Exodus traces the salvationof God’s people, who are helpless to save themselves. Leviticus g calls for holiness as the only natural lifestyle for the Israelites and as the only possible response to God’s grace. Numbers is a book of wanderingsin which God’s people suffer the consequences of their unbelief. But the story ends on a positive note, when Deuteronomy presents a program for renewal.

  15. 1- The Book of Genesis

  16. The Book of Genesis • Genesis is such an important book; we are going to study it in 2 parts: • Part 1. Genesis 1-11: • the Primeval Story “The earliest story” and • Part 2. Genesis 12-50: • the Ancestral Story.

  17. Part 1: Genesis 1-11 The Primeval Story

  18. Part 1: Genesis 1-11 The Primeval Story • Story Line • God created the universe of stars, earth and animal life in six days and rested on the seventh (Genesis 1). • The first humans were placed in the perfect world of Eden (2) • but were expelled after they disobeyed a divine command (3). Out of Eden the first couple had offspring who typified the worst of sin and the best of culture (4-5). • But sin ran rampant, prompting God to cleanse the earth with a flood (6). Only Noah, his immediate family, and a representative sample of animal life survived in a boat of God's design (7).

  19. Part 1: Genesis 1-11 The Primeval Story • After the waters subsided (8) God made a covenant with Noah, but Noah's episode of insobriety marked the return of wrongdoing (9). Still, humanity grew in number (10) • They began building a massive tower ascending heavenward in order to make a name for themselves, but God frustrated their plan and scattered them abroad (11). • The Primeval Story ends with the genealogy of Shem from whose line comes Abraham. Through him God would reestablish fellowship with humanity

  20. Part 1: Genesis 1-11 The Primeval Story • After the waters subsided (8) God made a covenant with Noah, but Noah's episode of insobriety marked the return of wrongdoing (9). Still, humanity grew in number (10) • They began building a massive tower ascending heavenward in order to make a name for themselves, but God frustrated their plan and scattered them abroad (11). • The Primeval Story ends with the genealogy of Shem from whose line comes Abraham. Through him God would reestablish fellowship with humanity

  21. Creation

  22. Creation Genesis 1:1-3: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. tohu = without form bohu = void … God, Who formed the earth and made it, Who has established it, Who did not create it in vain, Who formed it to be inhabited(Isaiah 45:18) Many interpretations exist for the first three verses of the Holy Bible, but we will briefly mention the two most popularly held by scholars.

  23. Formless became of Form Day One/Light Day Two/Sea &Sky Day Three/Fertile Earth Day Seven/Sabbath Emptiness became Inhabited Day Four/Luminaries (Sun, Moon Stars) Day Five/ Creatures for Water and Air Day Six/Creatures for the Fertile Earth The Six Days of Creation (1:1-31)

  24. The Sabbath (2:1-3) • 1 Thus the heavens and the earth, and all the host of them, were finished. 2And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. 3Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made. • These verses complete the week of creation. God had finished and He pronounced the whole "very good." This implies that creation was perfect, no more work was needed, nothing else was necessary to fine-tune the product, so God could cease working. • The Hebrew verb for "cease" is shabbat, from which comes the word for the Jewish weekly holy day, Sabbath.

  25. Genesis 2 The creation of humanity is the climax of chapter 1 but the centerpiece of chapter 2. The love and tender care of God are apparent in the creation of the Garden. He meticulously prepared everything else in creation as the ideal home for humanity. His gentle, divine breath brought Adam’s lifeless clay figure to life (v. 7). The relationship between God and the innocent first couple was one of great intimacy. Adam and Eve were surrounded with God’s love. Yet even here, the divine command is clear (“You shall not eat ,“ v. 17), and there is the strange possibility of disobedience and broken relationship.

  26. Genesis 3The Fall • The Forbidden Fruit • Methodology of the Deception • Doubt: “Has God indeed said…?” • then Denial: “You will not surely die.” • God’s Declaration of War • Seed of the Woman • Seed of the Serpent

  27. Genesis 3:14-16 14So the LORD God said to the serpent: "Because you have done this, you are cursed more than all cattle, and more than every beast of the field; on your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life 15And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel." 16To the woman He said: "I will greatly multiply your sorrow and your conception; in pain you shall bring forth children; your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you."

  28. The Plan of Redemption Man’s Trial: 7Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves coverings.Genesis 3:7 God’s Plan of Redemption: 21Also for Adam and his wife the LORD God made tunics of skin, and clothed them.Genesis 3:21 Teaching them that only by the shedding of innocent blood they would be covered… (…on another tree in another garden!!!)

  29. The Central Theme • The OT is an account of a Nation. • The NT is the account of a Man. • The Creator became a Man. His appearance is the Central Event of all history. • He died to purchase us and is alive now. • The most exalted privilege is to know Him. That’s what the Bible is all about.

  30. The Salvation Begins • From the Seed of the WomanGen 3 • The Call of AbrahamGen 12 • The Tribe of JudahGen 49 • The Dynasty of David2 Sam 7 • The Virgin Birth in BethlehemIsa 7 • To another tree… …in another garden

  31. After the Fall • After the first sin in chapter 3, humanity changed in a number of ways. • First, Adam and Eve lost their original innocence. Their opened eyes and sudden awareness of their nakedness signify their shame and guilt (v. 7). Before their sin, they knew no guilt, in either their relationship with each other or with God. • Second, they lost their immediate and easy access to God’s presence. Instead of meeting God in the cool of the day, they hid themselves because of a new awareness of estrangement from him (vv. 8—10). • They were no longer comfortable in His Holy presence. Third, they lost the peaceful paradise and freedom of the Garden of Eden when God expelled them (v. 23). Thus they lost their freedom from pain, disease, and death.

  32. After the Fall • Eating fruit may appear innocent enough! But the action itself displayed something immoral below the surface: rebellion against God’s command (2:17). • Temptation always entails a challenge to God’s word (3:1, 4, 5), which He speaks for our eternal good. God alone understood the full danger of disobedience. He always knows what is best for us. • In chapters 4-11 events build in a great crescendo of sin to illustrate the total desperation of the human condition. Sin is indeed lies at the door and “its desire is for you” (4:7, a theme verse for this passage). • In chapter 4, a brother’s murder illustrates how quickly sin moves from eating forbidden fruit to taking a human life. Humankind has now begun to reverse the creative work of God in chapters 1—2.

  33. Cain and his Family • 16 Then Cain went out from the presence of the LORD and dwelt in the land of Nod on the east of Eden. 17And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived and bore Enoch. And he built a city, and called the name of the city after the name of his son--Enoch.

  34. Lamech • 19Then Lamech took for himself two wives: the name of one was Adah, and the name of the second was Zillah. 20And Adah bore Jabal. He was the father of those who dwell in tents and have livestock. • 21His brother's name was Jubal. He was the father of all those who play the harp and flute. 22And as for Zillah, she also bore Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron. And the sister of Tubal-Cain was Naamah. • 23Then Lamech said to his wives: "Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; wives of Lamech, listen to my speech! For I have killed a man for wounding me, 24If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold,

  35. A New Son, Seth • 25 And Adam knew his wife again, and she bore a son and named him Seth, "For God has appointed another seed for me instead of Abel, whom Cain killed." • 26And as for Seth, to him also a son was born; and he named him Enosh. Then men began to call on the name of the LORD.

  36. Adam Seth Enosh Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Genealogy of Genesis 5

  37. Adam adomah, means “man"

  38. Seth seth, which means “appointed" Eve said, “For God hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.”Genesis 4:25

  39. Enosh which means “mortal,”“frail,” or “miserable” It is from the root anash, to be incurable; used of a wound, grief, woe, sickness, or wickedness.

  40. Kenan which can mean “sorrow,”“dirge,” or “elegy”

  41. Mahalalel which means “blessed” or “praise”; and El, the name for God. “The Blessed God.”

  42. Jared (Yared) from the verb yaradh, meaning “shall come down.”

  43. Enoch ] which means “commencement,” or “teaching.”

  44. Methuselah muth, a root that means “death” shalach, which means “to bring,” or “to send forth” “His death shall bring”

  45. Lamech a root still evident today in our own English word, “lament” or “lamentation.” “Despairing.”

  46. Noah which is derived from nacham, “to bring relief” or “comfort” “Comfort, or Rest”

  47. Adam Seth Enosh Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Man (is) Appointed Mortal Sorrow; (but) The Blessed God Shall come down Teaching His death shall bring The Despairing Comfort, Rest Genealogy of Genesis 5

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