SDR Update

1. Agenda Item: GRSC-3 Item 5.7Software defined radio & Cognitive radio SDR Update Presented by: T. Russell Shields Ygomi LLC

2. Items for Discussion • U.S. FCC Update on Cognitive Radio: Report and Order of March 2005 • SDR issues • ITU-R Activities • Terminology • Applications • Challenges 2

3. U.S. FCC Update • SDR Definition: “A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the transmitter operates in accordance with FCC rules, can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions.” (47 CFR. Sec. 2.1) • Particularly suitable for shared use bandwidth • Cognitive Radio features include • Frequency agility • Listen before transmit • Dynamic frequency selection • Adaptive modulation • Transmit power control • Location awareness • Negotiated use • Updated FCC Cognitive Radio Report and Order (March 2005) • FCC continues to be favourable to cognitive radio and to evolve its rules

4. U.S. FCC Objective and Measures “To facilitate opportunities for flexible, efficient, and reliable spectrum use by radio equipment employing cognitive radio technologies and enable a full realization of their potential benefits.” • Ensure that radios with software that is designed or expected to be modified by a party other than the manufacturer have reasonable security measures to prevent unauthorized modifications. • Allow secondary use of spectrum while maintaining spectrum availability for higher priority use when needed. But “no need” to adopt a particular technical model for interruptible spectrum use. • Valuable for emergency situations • Removed requirement for manufacturers to supply FCC with radio software source code • Permit manufacturers to market radios that have the hardware-based capability to transmit outside authorized U.S. frequency bands provided they have software controls to limit operation to authorized frequency bands • Toward a “world” smart radio for automotive use See: http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-57A1.doc

5. History to Date • 2001 – FCC adopted changes to the equipment authorization rules to accommodate SDR • 05/2003 – FCC workshop • 12/2003 – FCC adopted Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Order to explore uses of cognitive radio technology to facilitate improved spectrum access • 11/2004 – FCC approved first SDR: Vanu, Inc. wireless GSM base station • 03/2005 – FCC adopts rule changes for smart radios. • 05/2005-07/2005 – Several petitions for reconsideration/clarification filed, including one from Cisco • Concerned that device design often does not facilitate software changes, when manufacturer intends no future software changes, and does not intend others to make software changes • Also concerned that the security measures that prevent unauthorized modifications by end users may be at odds with open source software licensing requirements

6. ITU-R Activities • ITU-R Working Party 8F: Approved Draft New ITU-R Report M.[IMT.SDR]: “The impact of Software Defined Radio [IMT.SDR] on IMT-2000, the future development of IMT-2000, and systems beyond IMT-2000” • ITU-R Working Party 8A: Developing Preliminary Draft New ITU-R Report M.[LMS.SDR]: “Software Defined Radios in the Land Mobile Service” It is anticipated that both reports will be approvedat the ITU-R Study Group 8 meeting on December 9-10, 2005

7. SDR Terminology • It would be useful if all SDOs and regulatory bodies adopted a common terminology for SDR • Some proposed definitions to standardize • Software Defined Radio: “A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the transmitter operates ... can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions.” – adopted 2005-03-10 by the U.S. FCC in its Cognitive Radio Report and Order • Cognitive Radio: A radio or system that senses and is aware of its operational environment and can be trained to dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters accordingly. • Note that cognitive does not necessarily imply relying on software.Example: Cordless telephones have long been able to select the best authorized channel based on relative channel availability.

8. SDR Terminology (cont’d) • Policy-Based Radio: A radio that is governed by a predetermined set of rules for behavior. The rules define the operating limits of such a radio. These rules can be defined and implemented • During manufacture • During configuration of a device by the user • During over-the-air provisioning and/or • By over-the-air control • Software Reconfigurable Radio: A software defined radio that (1) incorporates software-controlled antenna filters to dynamically select receivable frequencies, and (2) is capable of downloading and installing updated software for controlling operational characteristics and antenna filters without manual intervention.

9. SDR Terminology (cont’d) • Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS): • A general term used to describe mitigation techniques that allow, amongst others, detection and avoidance of co-channel interference with other radios in the same system or with respect to other systems. – current version of WP8A preliminary draft new recommendation (PDNR) on SDR • The ability to sense signals from other nearby transmitters in an effort to choose an optimum operating environment. – adopted 2005-03-10 by the U.S. FCC in its Cognitive Radio Report and Order

10. Key SDR Applications • Land mobile systems, including IMT-2000 • Wireless Access Systems (WAS), including Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs) • Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) • Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

11. SDR for Land Mobile Systems • A prime use of SDR will be to mitigate interworking across multiple radio interface standards • SDRs will impact several terrestrial-based mobile sub-systems and interworking between them, particularly: • User terminals, including reconfiguration to support multiple radio interface standards and frequency bands of operation, software version upgrades via over the air software download, interoperability, and roaming • Base stations and the controllers of a mobile radio access network (RAN) to increase RAN flexibility

12. SDR for Wireless Access Systems, including RLANs • WAS devices can operate on either a licensed or license-exempt basis, while RLAN devices generally operate on a license-exempt basis • License-exempt or unlicensed basis may raise some issues • License-exempt devices are generally used for personal, localized purposes • Supporting various operating parameters may materially raise costs for device manufacturing and certification • SDRs can reduce the uncertainty in product planning and unreliability of quality of service in operation • SDR will permit manufacturers to develop a product once for global deployment, allowing jurisdictions to tailor it to regional/local needs

13. Use of SDR for Public Protection and Disaster Relief/TDR • SDR technology is important for PPDR/TDR because it provides for operation/interoperability across multiple radio interface standards and bands of operation, e.g., to enable ... • Interoperability among public safety agencies on multiple air interfaces • Overlays on existing systems without disruption • Upgrades of legacy systems, including possible transition from one radio interface to another • Easy selection of RF band, air interface, and group affiliation by users of portable SDRs • SDRs can reduce the total ownership cost of public safety wireless systems by reducing post-deployment operation and maintenance costs

14. Use of Software-Reconfigurable Radios in ITS • In-vehicle safety requires in-vehicle data communications units (DCUs) that can remain connected for the vehicle’s entire service life • Software reconfigurable radios can improve DCU logistics and affordability • Facilitates low-cost software reconfigurability • Minimizes the need to physically replace hardware • DCU software must be • Updatable • Remotely downloadable • Able to support multiple data communications capabilities • Adaptable to new protocols and frequencies

15. SDR Challenges (1) • The timing of market opportunities/practicality is still uncertain • Standards development needs to be accelerated, particularly for vehicle and public safety/PPDR use • Regulatory issues abound • Will continue to be an issue as widespread commercial deployment and use evolves • Devices must be licensed for multiple radio spectrum • There are international regulation and political implications • Existing radios in vehicles must be licensed for new spectrum and protocols

16. SDR Challenges (2) • Technical issues remain • Smart antennas, security for software download, etc. • Compatibility between devices and network infrastructures • Scalability • Security • Dynamic radio configuration – interoperability in multiple networks needed simultaneously • High data rates for next generation platforms • Must meet the social need for vehicle safety radios that work 25 years after design starts • We cannot sell vehicles that protect only the initial owner that drive them when they are new; must protect all drivers for the entire service life of the vehicle • Owners driving 15 year old vehicles are not likely to go to an installation facility for a new safety radio

17. SDR Update Thank You!