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Personality Development

Personality Development. Dr Ros Weston Psychology . Definition: Child (1968) “More or less stable, internal factors that make one person’s behaviour consistent from one time to another, and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations” Stable Internal

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Personality Development

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  1. Personality Development Dr Ros Weston Psychology

  2. Definition: Child (1968) “More or less stable, internal factors that make one person’s behaviour consistent from one time to another, and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations” • Stable • Internal • Consistent • Different Personality is ‘INTERNAL’ Freud’s theories on Personality Development Change and development are the key words : internal process + past experiences The dynamics of behaviour which is what distinguishes this theory from the cognitive (Glassman, 1995)

  3. Innate drives + early experiences id ego super ego pleasure principle defence mechanisms Anna Freud “defence against instinct” The child learns defensive behaviours to control id Defence Mechanisms 1 Repression 2 Displacement 3 Projection 4 Denial 5 Intellectualisation • Psycho - sexual Development • Energy - libido • & • Eros & Thanatos • Oral • Anal • Phallic (Oedipus & Electra complexes) • Latency • Genital

  4. Other Defence Mechanisms • Fixation Affective strategies in personality development • Regression Case studies: Anna O Little Hans Myers & Brewin (1994) Childhood Memories Williams (1994) Sexual Abuse McGunnies (1949) Perception defence “things are likely to be ignored if they are unpleasant or emotionally threatening” Levinger & Clarke (1961) supported this using emotionally provoking words. (they recalled the words that had neutral associations) (Evaluatory comment on each of these and on Freud’s theory of personality development)

  5. Neo - Freudians Erikson (1959) Conflict WAR natural processes expectations of of maturation society Parents friends teachers employers norms & values

  6. Chart of Eight Stages Evaluatory Comments • Used clinical evidence (therapist case studies using Freud’s clinical method) • theory imprecise & anecdotal • experimental research provides indirect support for Erikson (Ainsworth & Bell: 1970) (Bowlby, 1952) • Stage 4 has been supported by work of Damon & Hart (1988) (older children used more internal psychological terms. Younger children focused on concrete & tangible ) • Strengths : - focuses on social process & ego development - the facing of developmental tension / conflicts - most of the conflicts lie with the family (Freud also said : When you are looking at a ‘sick’ (mentally) or disturbed person you often don’t have to look far for a cause. (that does not mean the parents are to blame. It is the conflict that is problematic) • Does not give detail of how you move from one stage to another • Dwaretzky (1996) feels there is little convincing evidence for E theory • Hard to test this theory • The evidence is correlational It gives a very tidy account of development

  7. Social Learning Theory Key term : Significant others Social Modelling • Attention • Retention • Reproduction • Motivation • Conditioning • Bandura’s work • What would help a child learn self - efficacy? -? -? -? -? Continue………… Classical Operant Observation & internalisation Vicarious reinforcement This is exact opposite of learned helplessness Reciprocal determination Self efficacy (self - image & belief in self

  8. Evidence - Bobo doll - Harter & Monsour (1992) - Bandura & Cervone (1983) • Evaluatory Comment - More than one self? (Baars, 1997) - Not a development theory

  9. Situationalism • Bandura suggested that personality is not a stable trait of an individual • Mischel & Peake’s theory (1982) suggest a consistency paradox. Research failed to show consistency • Behavioural specificity (M & P, 1982) • We think it is a stable trait because we see people in similar situations • Individual differences (M & P, 1993) Person variables • Cognitive & behavioural • Encoding & personal constructs • Expectancy • Subjective stimulus value • self - regulatory systems & plans Evidence • Context - dependent learning research (Abernety, 1940) • Generalising learning • Lack of fragmentation

  10. Gender Sexual identity Sex What is gender? (as part of personality) Gender identity Behaviour Situation (upbrining & social context) Gender role Gender stereo types See : - Debates and all the work we did on real and perceived differences - Psychoanalytical theory - Social learning - Cognitive (Kohlberg) - Behaviourist - Humanistic (Carl Rogers : Erikson)

  11. Kohlbergs (1966) Cognitive - developmental theory (1966) “The child actively constructs his own experiences and they are not products of social training” • Basic - gender identity (2-3½) • Gender stability (3½ - 4½) • Gender consistency (4½ - 7yrs) (fits with Piaget’s notion of conservation) Evidence • Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe (1984) These stages are cross - cultural. Slaby & Frey (1975) - attending to some sex models. Ruble, Balabon & Cooper (1981) Adverts & gender consistency. Evaluatory Comments • Cross cultural • interactivity • gender identity - increases gender role • How they interact in the world requires gender identity • Criticism : gender role behaviour - depends on gender consistency • Contradictions • Individualistic (not social context)

  12. Gender Schema Theory An organised set of beliefs about the sexes (Martin et al, 1987) • in group, out group schema • our gender schema • children are not passive • gender - schema’s help them pay attention to ………… & interpret the world & what they remember • gender schemas structure experience Evidence : (Martin et al, 1987) (Bradbard et al, 1986) (Masters et al, (1979) Evaluatory Comment • seems to explain & fit with other theories of child development specially cognitive • individualistic • schemas are overaggerated • should be able to change schemas. As Durkin (1995) found: it is easier to change concepts Continued……...

  13. Now : Compare social learning theory yourself using biological; social biological theory by explaining • Theory (giving) • evidence (including) • evaluatory comment

  14. What evidence is there that these are important The Isle of Wight Study (1976) Rutter’s large scale study. What factors cause disturbance in young people? What is the problem of retrospective data? Relationship with parents Relationship with peers Cultural differences • Marcia’s theory (1966-1980) • Alternatives to choose from • Have fun commitment been made • Four possible identity statuses • Identity diffusion • Foreclosure • Moratorium • Identity achievement • Evidence to support : Meilman (1979) • Evidence against : (Munroe & Adams (1977) Theories of Adolescent Development Delinquency • Erikson’s theory (1902, 1994) • Identity diffusion • Identity crisis • Counter evidence • Support evidence Intimacy Diffusion Diffusion of industry Negative identity Gender & individual differences alpha & beta bias Coleman’s focal theory (1974) ‘Storm & Stress’

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