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Dimensions of Movement

Dimensions of Movement . 0 Dimensions - point. 1 Dimension - line. 2 Dimensions - plane. 3 Dimensions - cube, sphere, etc. 4 Dimensions - 3 Dimensions + time. Movement occurs in all 4 dimensions (time and space). Positional Reference Systems.

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Dimensions of Movement

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  1. Dimensions of Movement 0 Dimensions - point. 1 Dimension - line. 2 Dimensions - plane. 3 Dimensions - cube, sphere, etc. 4 Dimensions - 3 Dimensions + time. Movement occurs in all 4 dimensions (time and space).

  2. Positional Reference Systems These are designed to identify location or position • Anatomical • Linear • Angular (rotational or radial)

  3. Directional Terms Used in Describing Anatomy • SUPERIOR – Directed upwards or towards the head • INFERIOR – Directed downwards or towards the feet • ANTERIOR – Directed towards the front of the body • POSTERIOR – Directed towards the back of the body

  4. Serratus Anterior

  5. Serratus Posterior Superior Serratus Anterior

  6. Serratus Posterior Superior Serratus Posterior Inferior Serratus Anterior

  7. Directional Terms Used in Describing Anatomy • MEDIAL – Nearer the midline of the body • LATERAL – Farther from the midline of the body • PROXIMAL – Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk • DISTAL – Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk • SUPERFICIAL – Located on or near the surface of the body • DEEP – Away from the surface of the body

  8. The Anatomical Position The position of reference for all movements. Also called the standing supine position

  9. Cardinal Planes of the Body • Sagittal – Divides the body into left and right halves. • Frontal – Divides the body into front and back halves. • Transverse – Divides the body into top and bottom halves.

  10. Sagittal Plane Movements (Forward & Backward Movements) • Whole Body – Forward and backward movement such as front or back flips • Segmental • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Dorsiflexion • Plantar flexion Ankle

  11. Back flips and front flips are whole body sagittal plane movements.

  12. For a cyclist, the leg movements occur in the sagittal plane.

  13. Forward and backward movements at specific joints such as the shoulder and ankle are sagittal plane movements.

  14. Frontal Plane Movements (Sideward & Vertical Movements) • Whole Body – Sideward movement as seen in sideward cartwheels

  15. Frontal Plane Movements(Sideward & Vertical Movements) • Segmental • Abduction • Adduction • Lateral flexion • Elevation and depression of the shoulder girdle (or scapula) • Upward and downward rotation of the shoulder girdle (or scapula) • Radial deviation • Ulnar deviation Wrist

  16. Hip abduction and adduction. Ulnar and radial Deviation.

  17. Elevation and depression of the shoulder girdle.

  18. Lateral flexion of the trunk.

  19. Transverse Plane Movements(Horizontal Movement) • Whole Body – Horizontal movement or rotation as in a skater’s or dancer's pirouette.

  20. Transverse Plane Movements(Rotation Around a Vertical Axis) • Segmental • Medial (inward) rotation • Lateral (outward) rotation • Left / right rotation of the trunk, neck, or head • Supination - forearm • Pronation – forearm • Horizontal abduction (transverse flexion) • Horizontal adduction (transverse extension) • Pronation of subtalar joint – abduction + eversion • Supination of subtalar joint – adduction + inversion

  21. Horizontal adduction and abduction are segmental transverse plane movements.

  22. Cardinal Axes of the Body(Axes is plural for axis.) • X-Axis (Transverse, Mediolateral, Frontal, or Breadth Axis) • Y-Axis (Longitudinal, Vertical, or Length Axis) • Z-Axis (Anteroposterior, Sagittal, or Depth Axis) Movement, both whole body and segmental, takes place in the cardinal planes and around the cardinal axes.

  23. The ellipse represents the transverse plane and the black line represents the Y-axis. (The plane is like a record turntable and the axis is like the spindle that holds the record in place.) The Y-axis is perpendicular to the transverse plane. Therefore a point which rotates around the Y-axis will move in the transverse plane. Essentially, movement in a given plane takes place around the axis that is perpendicular to that plane. Transverse Plane Y-axis

  24. X-Axis • Passes from side to side. • Rotation in the sagittal plane takes place around the x-axis.

  25. Y-Axis • Passes from top to bottom. • Rotation in the transverse plane takes place around the y-axis.

  26. Z-Axis • Passes from front to back. • Rotation in the frontal plane takes place around the z-axis.

  27. Y Axis The cardinal axes lie at the intersection of the cardinal planes. Center of Gravity X Axis Z Axis The cardinal planes and axes all intersect at the center of gravity (c-g).

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