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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. The Muscular System. Functions of the Muscular System. hold the body erect make movements possible smooth muscle moves food through the digestive system moves fluids through ducts generates heat to keep the body warm moves blood through veins. Combining Form for Muscle.

Gabriel
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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 The Muscular System

  2. Functions of the Muscular System • hold the body erect • make movements possible • smooth muscle moves food through the digestive system • moves fluids through ducts • generates heat to keep the body warm • moves blood through veins

  3. Combining Form for Muscle • MY/o = muscle • Myoparesis • (my-oh-PAR-eh-sis) • MYO/0 = muscle • -paresis = Partial orincomplete paralysis

  4. Structure of the Muscular System • Muscle Fibers: • long, slender cells • each muscle consists of a group of fibers held together by connective tissue • enclosed in a fibrous sheath

  5. Combining Forms for Muscle Fibers • FIBR/o = Fibrous tissue • Fibromyalgia • FIBR/o = Fibrous Tissue • MY/o = Muscle • -algia = Pain • Pain of the muscles and fibrous tissue

  6. Combining Forms for Muscle Fibers • FIBROS/o = Fibrous Tissue • Fibrosis • FIBROS/o = Fibrous Tissue • -is = noun ending • Abnormal formation of fibrous tissue.

  7. Fascia (FASH-ee-ah) • Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue • covers muscles • supports muscles • separates muscles

  8. Combining Forms for Fascia • FASCI/o = Fascia or Fibrous band • Fasciotomy (fash-ee-OT-oh-me) • FASCI/o = Fascia • -otomy = cutting or surgical incision • cutting or surgical incision of the fascia

  9. Tendons • Narrow band of fibrous connective tissue • attaches a muscle to bone • don’t confuse tendons and ligaments • ligaments attach bone to bone

  10. Combining Forms for Tendons • TEN/o • TEND/o • TENDIN/o

  11. TEN/o • Tenolysis • TEN/o = tendon • -lysis = set free

  12. TEND/o • Tendotomy • TEND/o = Tendon • -otomy = cutting or surgical repair • Cutting or surgical repair of a tendon.

  13. TENDIN/o • Tendinitis • TENDIN/o = Tendon • -itis = Inflammation • Inflammation of the tendon.

  14. Aponeurosis (ap-oh-new-ROH-sis) • Fibrous sheet or expanded tendon • giving attachment to muscular fibers • origin or insertion of a flat muscle

  15. Combining Form APONEUR/o • Aponeurotome • APONEUR/o = Aponeurosis • -tome = instrument to cut • Instrument to cut the aponeurosis.

  16. Types of Muscle Tissue • 3 Types: • Skeletal Muscle: (striated) (voluntary) attach to the bones; makes motion possible • Smooth Muscle:(unstriated) (involuntary) moves internal organs • Cardiac Muscle: (myocardium) forms most of the wall of the heart.

  17. Kinesiology: (kih-nee-see-OL-oh-jee) • The study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of body parts. • KINESI/o = combining form • -KINESIS or KINESIA = suffix

  18. Kinesioneurosis • Prefix • None • Combining Form • KINESI/o = movement • NEUR/o = nerve, nerve tissue • Suffix • -osis = disease, an abnormal condition

  19. Hypokinesia • Prefix: • none • Combining Form: • HYP/o = under, decreased, deficient, below • Suffix: • -kinesia: movement • Decreased movement.

  20. Contraction and Relaxation • Contraction: tightening of a muscle, during which it becomes shorter and thicker. • Relaxation: muscle returns to its original form or shape. • These contrasting action make motion possible.

  21. Muscle Tone • Also know as Tonus • normal state of balanced muscle tension • present in the body when one is awake • combining form: • TON/o = tone, tension, or stretching

  22. Range of Motion • ROM = Range of Motion • describes types of movements made possible by muscles. • Page 76 Table 4.1 • Know contrasting muscle motions.

  23. How Muscles are Named • Origin and Insertion • Muscle Origin: place where the muscle begins (originates) • Muscle Insertion: place where the muscle ends. (inserts)

  24. Example of Origin and Insertion • Sternocleidomastoid: helps flex the neck and rotate the head. • Stern/o = sternum, originates • Cleid/o = collar bone, originates • mastoid/o = mastoid process, inserts

  25. Stenocleidomastoid

  26. How Muscles Are Named • Muscle named for action: • lifting • flexing • extending

  27. Flexor carpi radialisis and extensor carpi radialisis

  28. How Muscle are Named • Muscles named for location. • location on the body • or the organ they are near

  29. How Muscles are Named • Named for fiber direction • straight (rectus) • oblique (slanted or angle) • transverse (crosswise) • sphincter (ring like)

  30. ----------------rectus abdominus --------external oblque ---------internal obliques ----------transverse abdominus

  31. -----------Pectoralis major -----------External oblique

  32. How Muscle or Named • Muscles named for number of division forming them. • Example: • Biceps = Bi- means two • triceps = Tri- = means three

  33. How Muscles are Named • Muscles are named because they are shaped like a familiar object. • Example: • Deltoid muscle (shoulder cap) • shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta.

  34. Deltoid

  35. How Muscles are Named • Muscles are named because of their size. • Gluteus maximus largest muscle of the buttock

  36. Pathology – Fibers, Fascia, Tendons • Fasciitis • Tendinitis

  37. Pathology – Muscles • Adhesion • Atrophy • Myalgia • Myolysis • Polymyositis • Myomalacia • myosclerosis

  38. Pathology – Hernias • A protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.

  39. Pathology –Muscle Tone • Atonic • Dystonic • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • myotomic

  40. Pathology – Voluntary Muscle Movement • Ataxia • Dystaxia • Contracture • Intermittent claudication • Spasm (cramp) • Spasmotic torticollis

  41. Pathology – Muscle function • Bradykinesia • Dyskinesia • Hyperkinesia (hyperactivity) • Hypokinesis • Tardive dyskinesia

  42. Pathology –Myoclonus • Myoclones • Singultus • Myasthemia • Myasthemia gravis (MG)

  43. Pathology –Muscular Dystrophy • Muscular dystrophy (MD) • Duchenne’s MD • Becker’s MD

  44. Pathology –Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) • Chronic • Wide spread aching pain • Tender points • Fatigue

  45. Pathology –Repetitive Stress Disorders • Repetitive motions • Ergonomics • Overuse injury

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