Old Testament I

Slide 1:Old Testament I

Pentateuch & Historical Books Shawn Madden http://library.sebts.edu/smadden/class.htm

Slide 2:I. Course Description

An introduction to the history, literature, and religion of the Old Testament, including a detailed examination of the problems and interpretations of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets. History Channel � Mysteries of the Bible

Slide 3:II. Course Objectives

To gain a birds eye view of the history and literature of ancient Israel. At the conclusion of this course the student should be able to identify major characters, the theme of each book covered, and the chronology of OT literature and history. To understand the nature of the OT and its proper function in the church. To familiarize the student with the geographical and cultural context of the OT.

Slide 4:III. COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Attendance is required for class sessions. Arrangements must be made with the instructor for any work that is missed.

Slide 5:III. COURSE REQUIREMENTS (cont.)

Reading is required from the Bible and from the text (Harrison). Comprehensive final exam covering all readings and notes. Project Assignments

Slide 6:IV. GRADING

A=93-100 Complete Mastery of the subject B=83-92 Solid Command of the subject C=73-82 Basic knowledge of the subject D=60-72 Minimal knowledge of the subject F=<60 No comprehension of the subject

Slide 7:V. ASSIGNMENTS

2 Maps @ 50 points ea. Writing Project @ 100 points Final @ 100 Misc. Assignments will be counted with Maps

Slide 8:VI. Class Schedule

Slide 9:Matthew 22:32

God said, �I am the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.� He is not the God of the dead but of the living. evgw, eivmi o` qeo.j VAbraa.m kai. o` qeo.j VIsaa.k kai. o` qeo.j VIakw,b� ouvk e;stin �o`� qeo.j nekrw/n avlla. zw,ntwn�

Slide 10:Galatians 3:29

And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's descendants, heirs according to promise. eiv de. u`mei/j Cristou/( a;ra tou/ VAbraa.m spe,rma evste,( katV evpaggeli,an klhrono,moi�

Slide 11:Matthew 5:18

For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished. avmh.n ga.r le,gw u`mi/n\ e[wj a'n pare,lqh| o` ouvrano.j kai. h` gh/( ivw/ta e]n h' mi,a kerai,a ouv mh. pare,lqh| avpo. tou/ no,mou( e[wj a'n pa,nta ge,nhtai� ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Slide 12:David & The Law

How blessed is the man Who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked, Nor stand in the path of sinners, Nor sit in the seat of scoffers! But his delight is in the LAW of the LORD, And in His LAW he meditates day and night. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????� ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????

Slide 13:?a?da?????Paidagogos - Tutor

Gal. 3:23 But before faith came, we were kept in custody under the law, being shut up to the faith which was later to be revealed. 24 Therefore the Law has become our tutor to lead us to Christ, so that we may be justified by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor. 26 For you are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus. p?? t?? de e??e?? t?? p?st?? ?p? ??�?? ef??????�e?a s????e??�e??? e?? t?? �e????sa? p?st?? ap??a??f???a?. ?ste ? ??�?? pa?da????? ?�?? ?e???e? e?? ???st?? ??a e? p?ste?? d??a????�e?. e????s?? de t?? p?ste?? ???et? ?p? pa?da????? es�e?. pa?te? ?a? ???? ?e?? este d?a t?? p?ste?? e? ???st? ??s??.

Slide 14:The Spirit & the Law

One who has Faith in Christ is led by the Spirit. (Gal. 513-25) Maturity-Sanctification helps determine the level of Leading necessary 2 � Matt 2237-39 (Deut. 65; Lev. 1918) 10 � Exod. 201-17 613 � Maimodides� enumeration I note that in the early church the Apostles and other Jewish believers maintained Sabbath and Temple practices, albeit with a different understanding. Though the council in Acts 15 laid very few burdens on the Gentile believers, I don�t know anyone who would argue that their freedom extended to a total neglect of the Decalogue. The Law and the Spirit agree and cooperate.I note that in the early church the Apostles and other Jewish believers maintained Sabbath and Temple practices, albeit with a different understanding. Though the council in Acts 15 laid very few burdens on the Gentile believers, I don�t know anyone who would argue that their freedom extended to a total neglect of the Decalogue. The Law and the Spirit agree and cooperate.

Slide 15:Law & Grace

Are you saved because you follow the Law . . . Or, do you follow the Law because you are saved? Matthew 7, 25; Galatians; Romans; Hebrews; 1 John; James

Slide 16:Old Testament Value for Christians

In it we see the mind, will, heart, and desires of the Living God of the Universe It still provides a Spiritual Guide It reminds us of Promises yet to be fulfilled, especially Messianic & Millennial It is useful for Worship & Praise

Slide 17:Old Testament Value for Christians

The God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David, & al is my God � what he said to them is of value to me It points to the Messiah & is a witness to him and his reason for coming

Slide 18:Most Common Modern Terms:

Old Testament New Testament TaNaK Torah (Law)???? Nevi�im (Prophets) ?????? Kethuvim (Writings) ??????

Slide 19:Extent of the TaNaK

Matt. 2335 From Abel � Gen. 3 To Zechariah � 2 Chron. 2421 Luke 2444 � Law, Prophets, Psalms

Slide 20:Extent of the TaNaK

Josephus, Contra Apion (~A.D. 75) For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have,] but only twenty-two books, which contain the records of all the past times; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. This interval of time was little short of three thousand years; but as to the time from the death of Moses till the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, who reigned after Xerxes, the prophets, who were after Moses, wrote down what was done in their times in thirteen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to God, and precepts for the conduct of human life. Thackeray's note (p. 179, n. b) list the prophets as probably Joshua, Judges and Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Lamentations, Ezekiel, Minor Prophets, Daniel. The "four" he lists as Psalms, Song of Songs, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes. Sid Z. Leiman is in agreement with this numbering in his "Josephus and the Canon of the Bible" in Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata, Josephus, the Bible, and History (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 53-54. This differs with the arrangement found in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia which, though containing the same books and recognizing the same tri-partite division (Law, Prophets, Writings), places Job, Ruth, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles among the writings.Thackeray's note (p. 179, n. b) list the prophets as probably Joshua, Judges and Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Lamentations, Ezekiel, Minor Prophets, Daniel. The "four" he lists as Psalms, Song of Songs, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes. Sid Z. Leiman is in agreement with this numbering in his "Josephus and the Canon of the Bible" in Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata, Josephus, the Bible, and History (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 53-54. This differs with the arrangement found in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia which, though containing the same books and recognizing the same tri-partite division (Law, Prophets, Writings), places Job, Ruth, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles among the writings.

Slide 21:The TaNaKTalmud - Baba Bathra 14b � 15a; MT ordering

Torah Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Nevi�im Former Joshua Judges Samuel Kings Later Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel The Twelve

Slide 22:The TaNaK (cont.) Kethuvim

Psalms Job Proverbs Ruth Song of Songs Ecclesiastes Lamentations Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah Chronicles

Slide 23:Notes of some Church Writers

The New Testament lies hidden in the Old and the Old is made plain in the New Augustine of Hippo �. . . The Bible of the Apostolic church was the Old Testament; and . . . it was the OT that the first Christians turned to for guidance T. W. Manson

Slide 24:Technical Terms

Zeitgeist � Spirit of the Time. Milieu, pervasive thinking of an era. Sitz im Leben des Volkes � Situation in the life of the People. A people�s condition and attitude at a particular space-time continuum. Geschichte � History, historical study. Madden�s � subjective evaluation of a real historical event. Historie � History. Madden�s � the objective, real event. Approachable only to a degree. Alt � Old, as in Alten Testamentum. Grundschrift � the writing that is the ground or underlies other writings. Pentateuch � Five books (Gen. � Deuteronomy). Hexateuch � Six books (Gen. � Joshua). Gitadeutschdixionary � Something you need to do.

Slide 25:Study of Introductions

Lower Criticism � the study of the Text of Scripture. Linguistic Analysis & Comparison Literary Criticism Rhetorical Criticism

Slide 26:Study of Introductions

Higher Criticism Dating � concerned with the setting of the writing of the text. In some critical schools, highly speculative. Authorship � who wrote the text. Also highly speculative in some critical schools.

Slide 27:Modern Fallacies

For the most part these are products of the �Enlightenment.� History cannot include the unique, the miraculous, and the intervention of the divine. The principle of analogy. This states that there are �no other analogous happenings by which such unique, divine, or miraculous events could be measured, inspected, and evaluated.� W. G. Dever �asserted that �the Bible contains no real historiography in the modern sense. . . . The modern notion of a disinterested secular history would have been inconceivable to Biblical writers.� Per Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. A History of Israel: from the Bronze Age Through the Jewish Wars (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1998), 2-15. W. G. Dever, �Recent Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research,� BAR 16 (1990): 53. Per Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. A History of Israel: from the Bronze Age Through the Jewish Wars (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1998), 2-15. W. G. Dever, �Recent Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research,� BAR 16 (1990): 53.

Slide 28:Text & Archaeology

History cannot include anything that does not have external documentation. For the most part this approach denies that value of written texts. It sees more value in more solid archaeological finds, like stone artifacts, inscriptions, etc. But:

Slide 29:Text & Archaeology

It was not until 1932 that we had external verification for the exile of Jehoiachin in Babylon from tablets. Nothing external on Pontius Pilate until 1961. Felix the procurator in 1966 Tel Dan inscription � The House of David in 1993. Belshazzar the Babylonian King in Daniel was not externally attested to until the last half of the nineteenth century.

Slide 30:Text & Archaeology

James Ossuary Joash Inscription http://www.orientalisti.net/img/ioash.jpghttp://www.orientalisti.net/img/ioash.jpg

Slide 31:Text & Archaeology

If these artifacts point to the veracity of the text, does not logic indicate that the rest of the text is then also true?

Slide 32:Historical Approaches

Traditional School. This school takes the written texts seriously. It treats the texts as �innocent until proven guilty.� It argues that �the text of Genesis to Kings embodies the only ancient, continuous written source that deals directly with Israel�s origins.�

Slide 33:Historical Approaches

Albright/Wright/Bright Baltimore School. Argues for �the general trustworthiness of the account in Genesis to Kings� but that not all of �the details of Scripture were accurate and true.� Though acknowledging the value of the Biblical accounts, it will lay them aside in favor of opposing archaeological finds and interpretations.

Slide 34:Historical Approaches

Alt/Noth School. These �expressed extreme doubt that the overall outline of events found in Genesis to Kings contributes very much to its historicity.� They rely heavily on �models of ancient historical parallels, ethnographic, and sociological studies.� Theirs is a amphictonic approach. The guiding principles for their approach are: Amphictonies - Alt/Noth speak of the tribes of Israel Form critical methodologies. Etiological explanations for traditions. They rely on toponyms to explain names and tales Kaiser, 11.Kaiser, 11.

Slide 35:Historical Approaches

Norman Gotwald School. Ethnographic/sociological approach. �Israel did not enter Canaan as conquerors, but as nomads. Israel arose from the indigenous Canaanite population. The peasants staged a revolt [against Egypt]� and �formed an egalitarian tribal society under the aegis of a new Yahweh.�

Slide 36:Historical Approaches

Non-pan Israelite Tribal Confederation Schools. Thompson said that the �whole story about the rise and fall of the Israelite monarchy was constructed out of whole cloth during the Persian period as an attempt to ingratiate themselves with the Persian rulers.�