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Plant Phylogeny. Green plants – viridophytes (preceded) Land plants – embryophytes (and these preceded) Vascular plants – tracheophytes (and these preceded) Seed plants – spermatophytes (and these preceded) Flowering plants - angiosperms. Spermatophytes aka Seed Plants.
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Plant Phylogeny Green plants – viridophytes (preceded) Land plants – embryophytes (and these preceded) Vascular plants – tracheophytes (and these preceded) Seed plants – spermatophytes (and these preceded) Flowering plants - angiosperms
Spermatophytesaka Seed Plants • By far the most diverse lineage within the vascular plants. Most of this diversity is accounted for by just one subclade: the flowering plants (angiosperms). The gynosperms also are included in spermatophytes but ferns and fern allies are not.
Seed Plants • Gymnosperms and angiosperms are grouped together as seed plants. • Both have ovules. • Both have pollen • Gymnosperms and angiosperms differ in the location of the ovules and pollen sacs on the plant.
Major Characteristics of Spermatophytes • Seeds present; plant producing flowers or woody or sometimes pulpy or scaly seed cones or rarely solitary large seeds; plant not producing spores visible to the naked eye, the spores enclosed within the young flower or cone, the sporelike pollen normally not germinating on moist ground.
Extant Lineages of Spermatophytes • Cycads (Cycadales) • Ginkgos (Ginkgoales) • Conifers (Coniferales) • Gnetophytes (Gnetales) • Flowering Plants (Angiospermae)
Gymnosperms • Flowers none; seeds not enclosed in an ovary, the ovules and seeds naked, the seeds wedged between the scales of a woody or sometimes pulpy or scaly cone (rarely enclosed in the scales) or sometimes solitary or in pairs or on the margins of reduced specilaized leaves; pollen produced in soft cones.
Angiosperms(Flowering Plants) • Flowers present, including stamens or pistils or both and usually sepals and petals; seeds enclosed in an ovary, which (with the enclosed seeds and sometimes associated structures) becomes a fruit at maturity.
Cycads • 130 species on earth. • Squat trunks, with limited secondary xylem, and large compound leaves resembling those of ferns or palms. • Plants are dioecious (meaning some bear strobilli producing only seed whereas others bear only pollen strobilli.
Ginkgos • There is just one surviving species (Ginkgo biloba) within ginkgoales. • Species is hardly known in the wild, but it has been maintained for centuries around temples in China. • Spread by humans around the world as an ornamental tree for gardens. • Ginkgoales are well-known in the fossil record. • Ginkgos are dioecious.
Conifers • 600 or so living species of conifers. • Shrubs or trees with well-developed wood and often needlelike leaves. • Leaves are borne singly along stem, but in Pinus are clustered in short shoots. • Many conifers are monoecious. Some, like Juniperus are dioecious.
Conifers • Branch of Engelman spruce with pollen strobili and ovulate cone
Gnetophytes • Contains only about 75 living species. • Ephedera (with about 40 species in deserts around the world) has very reduced scale-like leaves. • Ephedra torreyana S. Wats. grows in extreme southwestern Great Plains, and is native to Utah and Nevada. (Sometimes commonly known as Mormon Tea).
Gnetophytes • Gnetum sp ovules
Angiosperms • The flowering plants include two subclasses: the Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae. • Nearly all of the flowering trees are dicotyledons. • The grasses, bamboos, palms are monocots.
Dicotyledoneae • Leaves netted-veined; taproot usually present; flower parts in whorls of 2,4, or 5 (or very rarely 3); vascular bundles or woody tissue of the stem arranged in a single cylinder (“ring” as seen in cross section); cambium present, adding layers of wood (primarily xylem) internally and of bark (primarily phloem) externally each growing season; cotyledons 2 (or rarely 3 or more).
Monocotyledoneae • Leaves with the main veins close together and parallel to the midrib or rarely diverging from it, but parallel and close to each other; taproot not present, the root system of several or many approximately equal members (fibrous); flower parts in whorls of 3 (or very rarely 2 or 4 or more); vascular bundles of the stem scattered apparently irregularly through pithy tissue; cambium none or in a few woody plants adding whole vascular bundles and pithy tissue both internally and externally; cotyledon 1.
Magnoliidae • The most primitive extant angiosperms are classified by Cronquist in the subclass Magnoliidae. • Most species are trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, and often entire leaves. • There are several lineages in which the herbaceous condition predominates. • Often, the flowers have showy tepals that are poorly differentiated into sepals and petals.
Magnollidae • Consists of eight orders, 39 families, and approximately 11,000 species. • Several of the families are monogeneric, and a few have only a single species. • Several families and genera have widely disjunct ranges suggesting a once more widespread and continuous range.
Magnoliidae Orders • Magnoliales –terrestrial with ethereal oil cells • Laurales –terrestrial with ethereal oil cells • Piperales - terrestrial with ethereal oil cells • Aristolochiales - terrestrial with ethereal oil cells • Illiciales - terrestrial with ethereal oil cells • Ranunculales –terrestrial lacking ethereal oil cells • Papaverales –terrestrial lacking ethereal oil cells. • Nymphaeales -aquatic
Magnoliaceae • The Magnolia family from the se United States to southern Brazil, and from the Himalyas to Japan. 12 genera and about 220 species. All three of the genera that occur in the New World also are represented by Old World species. • Fossils indicate the family once occurred in western North America. • Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate, plants synoecious. • Inflorescences of solitary flowers. Flowers large, perfect, regular. • Tepals in whorls of 3 or sometimes spiralled. • Stamens many, distinct. • Carpels many. • Ovaries superior. • Fruit an elongated aggregate of woody follicles or samaras.
Ranunculaceae • Herbs, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, simple to several times compound, estipulate (rarely stipulate). Plants synoecious (rarely dioecious). Inflorescences various, determinate or indeterminate or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect (rarely imperfect), regular (sometimes irregular). Sepals 4-many, distinct, often petaloid. Petals 0 to 4-5 (sometimes many), distinct. Stamens many (sometimes 5-10) distinct, spiralled, developing centripetally. Carpels 5-many (rarely 1-3) distinct, rarely 5, connate); ovaries superior with 1 locule and 1-many basal or marginal ovules; styles 1 per carpel, distinct, undivided. Fruit a cluster of achenes or follicles (rarely a berry or capsule).
Ranunculaceae • Cosmopolitan family particularly well-represented in temperate zones and montane environments especially in the northern hemisphere. • Medium sized family of about 50 genera and 2000 species. • Most are perennial herbs.
Ranunculaceae in Montana • Anemone • Clematis • Aconitum • Delphinium • Aquilegia • Actaea • Caltha • Trollius • Coptis • Myosurus • Adonis • Ranunculus • Trautvetteria • Thalictrum
Papaveraceae • Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees) often with milky or colored sap (sometimes only in the roots). Leaves alternate or opposite (whorled), simple to pinnately much dissected, estipulate. Plants synoecious. Inflorescences various, determinate or indeterminate or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect, regular or isobilateral. Hypanthium absent (present in one genus). Sepals 2, 3, or 4 distinct, falling as the flower opens. Petals 4, 6, or 8 (12-16) (0), distinct, often crumpled. Stamens (4-12) many, distinct, spirally attached. Filaments sometimes weakly adnate at base to petals. Carpels 2-many, connate (rarely nearly distinct); fruit a capsule or a cluster of indehiscent follicles.
Papaveraceae • Mostly temperate family of about 25 genera and 200 species. • The greatest diversity is in areas with Mediterranean climates. • The two principal centers of distribution are western North America (12 strictly American genera) and eastern Asia (9 genera). • Most poppies are herbs or shrubs. • Most have milky or colored sap, and is bitter tasting containing significant quantities of mildly toxis to very poisonous alkaloids. • Foliage of poppies is seldom eaten by herbivores.
Papaveraceae in Montana • Argemone • Glaucium • Papaver
