1. Early Human Beings May have left Africa—Why? Probably diseases, population pressure.

2. We are all genetic brothers and sisters, regardless of skin color. • We all share a common mother (proven D.N.A) • A bottleneck of ancestors (maybe numbering less than 100 people) occurred thousands of years ago • This means Mrs. Olsen is your sister. • Yuck. • Our last common ancestor lived only 600 years ago

3. The Ice Age • Ended about 10,000 years ago—but was the coldest only 20,000 years ago! • Huge ice sheets covered the land • Changed the Earth’s landscape • Created Norwegian Fjords, settlements along the ice sheets • Many inhabitants lived in caves—drawing pictures of now-extinct animals

6. Ice Age Landscapes of Europe

8. Ice Age Landscapes • The Ice Sheets retreated—but still left the Alps!

10. The Ice Man “Otzi • Discovered in the Italian Alps in 1991 • 5,300 years old—caught in blizzard and died • Typical of the Tribal Man • Had tattoos, carried mushrooms, shoes made of straw

11. Pictures of Otzi

13. What Otzi looked like • Mrs. Olsen, you and me. Homecoming.

15. The Continent of Europe • The Mediterranean shielded the land from major ocean storms

17. Island Hopping • The relative close proximity of islands made it easier to navigate by land sights • Island hopping: Greek islands to Crete to Malta to Corsica to Elba to Capri • Still, being a sailor was risky business! • If we could drain the Mediterranean, it would be full of shipwrecks.

19. Many plains • Plains are relatively flat places, ideal for growing grain.

20. Mountain Ranges • Pyrenees formed barrier between Spain and the rest of Europe • Pyrenees also contained the Muslims

21. Balkan Mountain Range • Very difficult area to penetrate • Rugged—place of many legends • Dracula’s home • Muslims settled here—source of conflict even today

25. Major Rivers • Rivers were used for transportation • They were worshipped—and many legends were based around rivers • Greeks believed in River Spirits • Throughout European History, Rivers provide borders, penetration points, and escape

26. Danube River—Starts in Alps • Great Mother River

28. Seine, France

29. Rhine—Holland & Germany • The traditional border between France & Germany.

30. Thames River, England • Used by the Romans to invade England

32. Blessed Europe Europe does not have any true deserts Most of Europe has adequate rainfall There is a vast European plain that provides idea growing conditions for grains Ocean currents help to create a mild climate England is an island and less involved in European conflicts

33. Interesting Tidbits

35. Vast forests produced Amber

37. Tribes believed in superstition and magic • Druids worshipped Oak trees

41. Superstitious customs included Bog People • Thrown into bogs (swamps)

44. Dark forests, mists, fog and nighttime fostered many legends about monsters