At a Glance: Sentences

1. At a Glance: Sentences

2. Chapter 1 Parts of Speech

3. Nouns • Nouns are naming words. • They may name persons, animals, plants, places, things, substances, qualities, or ideas Bart, armadillo, Mayberry, tree, rock, cloud, love, ghost, music, virtue

4. Noun Indicators • The, A, and An signal that a noun is ahead.

5. Pronoun • A word used in place of a noun

6. Some pronouns may represent specific persons or things: I she they you me her them yourself myself herself themselves yourselves it he we who itself him us whom that himself ourselves

7. Indefinite Pronouns • Refer to nouns (persons, places, things) in a general way: each everyone nobody somebody

8. Pronouns that Point Out Particular Things SINGULAR • this • that PLURAL • these • those

9. Pronouns that Introduce Questions • Who • Which • What

10. Verbs • Show action or express being in relation to the subject of a sentence.

11. Types of Verbs • Action verbs: ate, washed • Being verbs: is, as, were, are, am • Helping verbs are used with main verbs to form other tenses to form verb phrases: had sung, will be singing Main helping verbs: has, have, had, is, was, were, are, am Helpers: will, shall, should, could

12. Adjectives • Modify nouns and pronouns and answer the questions • What kind? • Which one? • How many?

13. Adjectives • What kind are descriptive words red, dirty, noisy, gentle, tired • Which one narrows or restricts meaning my, our, other, this, these • How many are numbering words some, three, each, one, few • Articles are “noun indicators” a, an, the

14. Adverbs • Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs • Answer the questions • How? • Where? • When? • To what degree?

15. Adverbs that answer • HOW? show manner or way • WHERE? show location • WHEN? indicate time • TO WHAT DEGREE? express extent Hungrily, noisily Downtown, behind, upstairs Yesterday, soon Entirely, somewhat

16. Adverbs • Most words ending in –ly are adverbs. Skillfully Courteously • Exceptions are adjectives like lovely and ugly

17. Prepositions • Are words or groups of words that function as a connective • The preposition connects its object(s) to some other word(s) in the sentence. A preposition and its object—usually a noun and a pronoun—with modifiers make up a prepositional phrase, which will function as an adjective or an adverb.

18. Common Prepositions about before but into past above behind by like to across below after despite near toward after beneath down of under against beside for off until among between from on upon around beyond in over with

19. Prepositions Composed of More Than One Word • According to • As far as • Because of • In spite of • Ahead of • As well as • In back of • Instead of • Along with • Aside from • In front of • Together with

20. Conjunctions • A conjunction shows a relationship between words, phrases, or clauses

21. Coordinating Conjunctions • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So

22. Subordinating Conjunctions After because provided whenever Although before since where As but that so that whereas As if if till wherever As long as in order that until As soon as notwithstanding when

23. Interjection • Conveys strong emotion or surprise • Punctuated with an exclamation mark Awesome! Curses! Cowabunga! Yabadabba doo! • When appearing as part of a sentence, interjections are usually followed by a comma Oh, I did not consider that problem. • Seldom appropriate for college writing.

24. Chapter 2 Subjects and Verbs

25. Subjects and Verbs • The subject is who or what causes the action or expresses a state of being. • The verb indicates what the subject is doing or is being.

26. Simple Subject • Usually a single noun or pronoun The restaurant’s soup of the day is clam chowder. simple subject

27. Complete Subject • The simple subject with all its modifiers The restaurant’s soup of the day is clam chowder. complete subject

28. Nouns • Nouns are naming words. • They may name persons, animals, plants, places, things, substances, qualities, or ideas Bart, armadillo, Mayberry, tree, rock, cloud, love, ghost, music, virtue

29. Pronoun • A word used in place of a noun

30. Personal Pronouns I she they you me her them yourself myself herself themselves yourselves it he we who itself him us whom that himself ourselves

31. Indefinite Pronouns • Refer to nouns (persons, places, things) in a general way: each everyone nobody somebody

32. Pronouns that Point Out Particular Things SINGULAR • this • that PLURAL • these • those

33. Pronouns that Introduce Questions • Who • Which • What

34. The simple subject can be single or compound: My friend and I have much in common. [compound subject] My friend brought a present. [single subject]

35. Implied Subjects The command, or imperative, sentence has a “you” as the implied subject and no stated subject. (You) Read the notes.

36. The object of a preposition cannot be a subject. The chairperson [subject] of the department [object of the preposition] directs the discussion.

37. Verbs • Show action or express being in relation to the subject of a sentence.

38. Action Verbs • Suggest movement or accomplishment of an idea or a deed He dropped the book. [movement] He read the book. [accomplishment]

39. Being Verbs • Indicate existence They were concerned.

40. Verbs may occur as single words or phrases. He led the charge. [single word] She is leading the charge. [phrase]

41. Compound verbs are joined by a word such as and or or. She worked for twenty-five years and retired.

42. Verbals are not verbs; verbals are verblike words that function as other parts of speech. Singing[gerund acting as a noun]is fun. I want to sing.[infinitive acting as a noun object] Singing [participle acting as a modifier],he walked in the rain.

43. Words such as never, not, and hardly are not verbs; they modify verbs.

44. Locations of Subjects and Verbs Although the subject usually appears before the verb, it may follow the verb. There was justice in the verdict.

45. A verb phrase may be separated into a question. Where had the defendant gone on that fateful night?

46. Chapter 3 Kinds of Sentences

47. Types of Sentences On the basis of number and kinds of clauses, sentences may be classified as • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

48. Clauses • Clause: a group of words with a subject and a verb that functions as a part or all of a complete sentence. • There are two kinds of clauses: independent (main) and dependent (subordinate).

49. Independent Clauses • An independent (main) clause is a group of words with a subject and a very that can stand alone and make sense. • An independent clause expresses a complete thought by itself and can be written as a separate sentence. I have the money.

50. Dependent Clauses • A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that depends on a main clause to give it meaning. • Functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. When you are ready.