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DNA Technology

DNA Technology. Terminology USES of DNA technology DNA fingerprinting protein production gene therapy GMO - G enetically M odified O rganisms cloning Stem Cells Genetic Counseling. Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA - review. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid w/in DNA

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DNA Technology

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  1. DNA Technology • Terminology • USES of DNA technology • DNA fingerprinting • protein production • gene therapy • GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms • cloning • Stem Cells • Genetic Counseling

  2. Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA - review • DNA • deoxyribonucleic acid • w/in DNA • genes: specific locations in DNA that codes for proteins or traits • program the production of proteins • determines traits for organisms • RNA • helps in translating code

  3. fig 3.6b DNA & RNA - monomers: nucleotides • sugar • DNA - deoxyribose • RNA - ribose • phosphate group • nitrogenous bases • DNA -- • adenine (A); thymine (T); cytosine (C); and guanine (G) • RNA -- • same, except uracil (U) instead of thymine

  4. Closer Look at DNA molecule - string of nucleotides: • backbone of sugar & phosphate • deoxyribose • four bases • A, T, G, C • double helix • twisted double stranded molecule

  5. Base Pairing: • AT/GC rule • A with T • G with C • 2 DNA strands are complementary fig 11.11

  6. DNA gene sequence • mRNA & tRNA work together to determine • 3-base codons code for specific amino acids • sequence of amino acids determine specific proteins

  7. How does proteins affect observable traits of organisms? • Example: eye color in fruit flies • normal gene codes for red eyes • Mutations code for brown or white

  8. DNA Technology - Terminology: • Restriction Enzyme • cut DNA in specific spots depending on the code in the enzyme • Bacterial Vectors • Bacteria used to carry pieces of genetic information from other organisms • plasmids – ring shaped DNA • Recombinant DNA • Bacterial plasmid and inserted gene

  9. Restriction Enzymes: • cut DNA • enzymes • cut at specific base sequence

  10. Forming Recombinant DNA using Restriction Enzymes: • cut DNA at specific sequences creating fragments • addition of DNA from other source • new DNA fragment created • joined by ligase

  11. Making “customized” bacteria

  12. Uses of DNA technology: (1) DNA fingerprinting • Extract a sample of DNA • break cell & nuclear membranes • cut DNA with restriction enzymes • separate DNA fragments using electrophoresis • Make DNA visible by staining and attaching to radioactive markers fig 11.2

  13. Gel Electrophoresis: • DNA is a negatively charged molecule • placing it on a special liquid gel and running current through the gel will cause DNA to move from negative pole to positive pole • the large fragments move the least • Smaller fragments move the farthest fig 11.2

  14. Reading the gels: fig 11.5

  15. Uses of DNA technology: (2) Protein production • use of microbes & cultured cells • produce • bacterial clones grown • protein fig 11.12

  16. Uses of DNA technology: (3) Gene Therapy • patient has defective gene • virus • inserts • bone marrow stem cells have potential to develop into different blood / immune cells fig 11.19

  17. Uses of DNA technology: (4) Genetically Modified Organisms • “increase” • btCorn (resistant to corn borer) • golden rice (increase of Vitamin A production)

  18. Uses of DNA technology: (4) Cloning • clone: genetic replica • reproductive cloning • therapeutic cloning fig 11.17

  19. Stem Cell categories • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) • Embryonic Germ cells(EG cells)

  20. Stem Cell categories • Unipotent • Multipotent • Hematopoietic stem cells (HScs) • umbilical cord blood • bone marrow

  21. Genetic Counseling: • Genes for particular disorders are known • may be markers than can be tested for • determine probability of • Huntington’s Disease • If one parent has a copy of the gene 50% chance for offspring • If both parents have a copy 75% • Breast Cancer • BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene

  22. Genetic Testing // IVF Genetic Screening • pedigree analysis or direct genetic testing available for Cystic Fibrosis • parents with a family history of Cystic Fibrosis can screen embryos for the disorder PRIOR to in vitro fertilization • fertilization occurs • single cell removed • embryos • first child as the result of this screening born in 1990

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