1. DNA Technology

2. The Human Genome • The sequence of the nitrogenous bases found on the 23 pairs of chromosomes • There are roughly 3 billion nitrogenous bases in one complete set

3. The Human Genome Project • 1990-2000s • A consortium of many scientists worked to sequence the entirety of the human genome • Francis Collins was Director of the publicly-funded part of the project • Craig Ventner was President of Celera Genomics, a private company

4. The Human Genome Project • Controversy: • Who “owns” the sequence of the human genome? • A private company with the rights to this sequence would potentially be worth billions of dollars

5. The Human Genome Project • In 2003, the HGP and Celera Genomics simultaneously published the sequence and released it on the internet for anyone to use

6. Chromosome 1 • TAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAC CCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAA CCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCT AACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAACCCTAAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA ACCCTAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACC CTACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA ACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTCGCGGTACCCTCAGCCGGCCCG CCCGCCCGGGTCTGACCTGAGGAGAACTGTGCTCCGCCTTCAGAGTACCACCGAAATCTGTGCAGAGGAC AACGCAGCTCCGCCCTCGCGGTGCTCTCCGGGTCTGTGCTGAGGAGAACGCAACTCCGCCGTTGCAAAGG CGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCG GCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAG AGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGCAGGCGC AGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTACCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGC AGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCACCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCG TGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACGCAAGCCTACGGGCGGGGGTTGGGGGGGCGTGTGTTGCAGGAGCAAAGTCGC ACGGCGCCGGGCTGGGGCGGGGGGAGGGTGGCGCCGTGCACGCGCAGAAACTCACGTCACGGTGGCGCGG CGCAGAGACGGGTAGAACCTCAGTAATCCGAAAAGCCGGGATCGACCGCCCCTTGCTTGCAGCCGGGCAC TACAGGACCCGCTTGCTCACGGTGCTGTGCCAGGGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGACTAGGGCAACTGCAGGGCT CTCTTGCTTAGAGTGGTGGCCAGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGCCGGGGCACTGCAGGGCCCTCTTGCTTACTGT ATAGTGGTGGCACGCCGCCTGCTGGCAGCTAGGGACATTGCAGGGTCCTCTTGCTCAAGGTGTAGTGGCA GCACGCCCACCTGCTGGCAGCTGGGGACACTGCCGGGCCCTCTTGCTCCAACAGTACTGGCGGATTATAG GGAAACACCCGGAGCATATGCTGTTTGGTCTCAGTAGACTCCTAAATATGGGATTCCTGGGTTTAAAAGT

7. Chromosome 1 • AAAAAATAAATATGTTTAATTTGTGAACTGATTACCATCAGAATTGTACTGTTCTGTATCCCACCAGCAA TGTCTAGGAATGCCTGTTTCTCCACAAAGTGTTTACTTTTGGATTTTTGCCAGTCTAACAGGTGAAGCCC TGGAGATTCTTATTAGTGATTTGGGCTGGGGCCTGGCCATGTGTATTTTTTTAAATTTCCACTGATGATT TTGCTGCATGGCCGGTGTTGAGAATGACTGCGCAAATTTGCCGGATTTCCTTTGCTGTTCCTGCATGTAG TTTAAACGAGATTGCCAGCACCGGGTATCATTCACCATTTTTCTTTTCGTTAACTTGCCGTCAGCCTTTT CTTTGACCTCTTCTTTCTGTTCATGTGTATTTGCTGTCTCTTAGCCCAGACTTCCCGTGTCCTTTCCACC GGGCCTTTGAGAGGTCACAGGGTCTTGATGCTGTGGTCTTCATCTGCAGGTGTCTGACTTCCAGCAACTG CTGGCCTGTGCCAGGGTGCAAGCTGAGCACTGGAGTGGAGTTTTCCTGTGGAGAGGAGCCATGCCTAGAG TGGGATGGGCCATTGTTCATCTTCTGGCCCCTGTTGTCTGCATGTAACTTAATACCACAACCAGGCATAG GGGAAAGATTGGAGGAAAGATGAGTGAGAGCATCAACTTCTCTCACAACCTAGGCCAGTAAGTAGTGCTT GTGCTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGATACGTGGCCGGCCCTCGCTCCAGCAGCTGGACCCCTACCTGCCGTCTG CTGCCATCGGAGCCCAAAGCCGGGCTGTGACTGCTCAGACCAGCCGGCTGGAGGGAGGGGCTCAGCAGGT CTGGCTTTGGCCCTGGGAGAGCAGGTGGAAGATCAGGCAGGCCATCGCTGCCACAGAACCCAGTGGATTG GCCTAGGTGGGATCTCTGAGCTCAACAAGCCCTCTCTGGGTGGTAGGTGCAGAGACGGGAGGGGCAGAGC CGCAGGCACAGCCAAGAGGGCTGAAGAAATGGTAGAACGGAGCAGCTGGTGATGTGTGGGCCCACCGGCC CCAGGCTCCTGTCTCCCCCCAGGTGTGTGGTGATGCCAGGCATGCCCTTCCCCAGCATCAGGTCTCCAGA GCTGCAGAAGACGACGGCCGACTTGGATCACACTCTTGTGAGTGTCCCCAGTGTTGCAGAGGTGAGAGGA GAGTAGACAGTGAGTGGGAGTGGCGTCGCCCCTAGGGCTCTACGGGGCCGGCGTCTCCTGTCTCCTGGAG AGGCTTCGATGCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTGATCTTCCCTGTGATGTCATCTGGAGCCCTGCTGCTTGCGGT GGCCTATAAAGCCTCCTAGTCTGGCTCCAAGGCCTGGCAGAGTCTTTCCCAGGGAAAGCTACAAGCAGCA AACAGTCTGCATGGGTCATCCCCTTCACTCCCAGCTCAGAGCCCAGGCCAGGGGCCCCCAAGAAAGGCTC TGGTGGAGAACCTGTGCATGAAGGCTGTCAACCAGTCCATAGGCAAGCCTGGCTGCCTCCAGCTGGGTCG

8. Chromosome 1 • ACAGACAGGGGCTGGAGAAGGGGAGAAGAGGAAAGTGAGGTTGCCTGCCCTGTCTCCTACCTGAGGCTGA GGAAGGAGAAGGGGATGCACTGTTGGGGAGGCAGCTGTAACTCAAAGCCTTAGCCTCTGTTCCCACGAAG GCAGGGCCATCAGGCACCAAAGGGATTCTGCCAGCATAGTGCTCCTGGACCAGTGATACACCCGGCACCC TGTCCTGGACACGCTGTTGGCCTGGATCTGAGCCCTGGTGGAGGTCAAAGCCACCTTTGGTTCTGCCATT GCTGCTGTGTGGAAGTTCACTCCTGCCTTTTCCTTTCCCTAGAGCCTCCACCACCCCGAGATCACATTTC TCACTGCCTTTTGTCTGCCCAGTTTCACCAGAAGTAGGCCTCTTCCTGACAGGCAGCTGCACCACTGCCT GGCGCTGTGCCCTTCCTTTGCTCTGCCCGCTGGAGACGGTGTTTGTCATGGGCCTGGTCTGCAGGGATCC TGCTACAAAGGTGAAACCCAGGAGAGTGTGGAGTCCAGAGTGTTGCCAGGACCCAGGCACAGGCATTAGT GCCCGTTGGAGAAAACAGGGGAATCCCGAAGAAATGGTGGGTCCTGGCCATCCGTGAGATCTTCCCAGGG CAGCTCCCCTCTGTGGAATCCAATCTGTCTTCCATCCTGCGTGGCCGAGGGCCAGGCTTCTCACTGGGCC TCTGCAGGAGGCTGCCATTTGTCCTGCCCACCTTCTTAGAAGCGAGACGGAGCAGACCCATCTGCTACTG CCCTTTCTATAATAACTAAAGTTAGCTGCCCTGGACTATTCACCCCCTAGTCTCAATTTAAGAAGATCCC CATGGCCACAGGGCCCCTGCCTGGGGGCTTGTCACCTCCCCCACCTTCTTCCTGAGTCATTCCTGCAGCC TTGCTCCCTAACCTGCCCCACAGCCTTGCCTGGATTTCTATCTCCCTGGCTTGGTGCCAGTTCCTCCAAG TCGATGGCACCTCCCTCCCTCTCAACCACTTGAGCAAACTCCAAGACATCTTCTACCCCAACACCAGCAA TTGTGCCAAGGGCCATTAGGCTCTCAGCATGACTATTTTTAGAGACCCCGTGTCTGTCACTGAAACCTTT TTTGTGGGAGACTATTCCTCCCATCTGCAACAGCTGCCCCTGCTGACTGCCCTTCTCTCCTCCCTCTCAT

9. Functional Genomics • Now that the sequence is known, the next step is to understand it • Functional Genomics: the study of the genes, their functions and how they are controlled

10. The Human Genome • 3 billion nitrogenous bases in a set • Roughly 20,000 genes contained in the genome • Coding DNA makes up less than 2% of the genome • Non-coding DNA therefore is more than 98% • Is this DNA “junk” like many believe or does it server a purpose?

11. Further Controversy • Even though the sequence of the human genome is freely available, who “owns” the information? • If you make a discovery about some part of the human genome, how do you profit from it? • Cloning genes….