1. DNA technology • Gene cloning • Gene therapy • Biopharmaceuticals • Forensics • DNA fingerprinting, PCR • Genomics • Human Genome Project • Frankenfoods • Genetically modified crops

2. Recombinant DNA & PlasmidsCombining genes from different sources and/or species • Circular DNA from bacteria = plasmids • Target DNA recombined in plasmid • Bacteria rapidly reproduces many clones

3. Enzymes Used to “cut and paste” Restriction enzymes Cuts DNA into fragments remember DNA lab DNA ligase Pastes fragments from one source into another How is this possible?

4. Use recombinant cells to mass produce proteins Bacteria Yeast Mammalian Biopharmaceuticals

5. Insulin Hormone required to properly process sugars and fats Treat diabetes Now easily produced by bacteria Growth hormone deficiency Faulty pituitary and regulation Had to rely on cadaver source Now easily produced by bacteria

6. High doses of HGH can cause permanent side effects As adults normal growth has stopped so excessive GH can thicken bones and enlarge organs Not always used for good...

7. DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting Requires only small samples (saliva, blood, semen, etc.) left at a crime scene Probability up to 1 in a billion e.g. O.J. Trial, CSI, Law & Order… Forensics

8. Polymerase chain reaction Used to amplify or make many DNA copies of a small sample PCR

9. Use of recombinant plasmids in agriculture plants with genetically desirable traits herbicide or pesticide resistant corn & soybean Decreases chemical insecticide use Increases production “Golden rice” with beta-carotene Required to make vitamin A, which in deficiency causes blindness Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

10. Other benefits of GMOs • Disease resistance • There are many viruses, fungi, bacteria that cause plant diseases • “Super-shrimp” • Cold tolerance • Antifreeze gene from cold water fish introduced to tobacco and potato plants • Drought tolerance & Salinity tolerance • As populations expand, potential to grow crops in otherwise inhospitable environments

11. Where in the world?

12. Introduce allergens? Pass trans-genes to wild populations? Pollinator transfer R&D is costly Patents to insure profits Patent infringements Lawsuits potential for capitalism to overshadow humanitarian efforts Downsides???