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The Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution. Tierra y Libertad. UNIT 9 THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION. 9:1 The Mexican States. 1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Colonial rule & independence.

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The Mexican Revolution

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  1. The Mexican Revolution Tierra y Libertad

  2. UNIT 9 THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION 9:1 The Mexican States

  3. 1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN • 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

  4. Colonial rule & independence • Ancient Amerindian civilizations • 3 centuries of Spanish rule • war of independence 1810 - 1821

  5. 1824 • CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM. • 1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT. • 1846-1848- MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES HALF OF TERRITORY

  6. War between Mexico & U.S. • US invaded in 1847 • Mexico City was occupied • Mexican lost most of its territory

  7. 1854-1861-WAR OF REFORM • BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA) • 1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED – FEDERAL SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.

  8. LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861 • BENITO JUÁREZ – ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA- PRESIDENT. • CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE) • MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2 YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY COULD GET ON ITS FEET.

  9. SPANISH/ FRENCH/ BRITISH • SEND ARMIES IN DECEMBER 1861-TAKE CONTROL OF VERACRUZ- FOR DEBT COLLECTION. • BRITISH AND SPANISH WITHDRAW WHEN JUAREZ CONVINCES THEM OF HIS INTENTIONS TO PAY. • FRENCH STAY…

  10. NAPOLEION II-FRENCH INTERVENTION • WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE • 30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO CITY • ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS EMPEROR (HAPSBURG) • MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN CONSERVATIVE

  11. 1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC • FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS • MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED • JUAREZ REGAINS POWER • INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN FISCAL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. • JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.

  12. Los Rurales Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915)

  13. In 1876…PORFIRIATO • PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO. • HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911. • HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION…AND LITTLE REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.

  14. Impact of the War for Independence • Economic: • Economy was “in shambles” • Mining and textiles down • Spanish capital gone • Roads neglected

  15. Impact of the War for Independence • Economic: • Still extreme poverty • Mestizos and Indigenous on the bottom • Campesinos: poor peasants

  16. Impact of the War for Independence • Social • Social structure of Mexican society changes • Creoles are now the upper class • Old Creoles—stayed on land • New Creoles: involved in business and poltics

  17. Impact of the War for Independence • Political • Rise of Caudillos (local strongmen) • Based on Ranches or haciendas • Had economic and political power • Often had private militias/police forces

  18. Impact of the War for Independence • 2 major institutions • Catholic Church • Still wealthy • Connected to elites • Military • The means to achieving political power

  19. War with the US • Mexican-American War or War of American Aggression • 1845-1848 • Mexico loses • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848: Mexico loses territory from California to Texas

  20. La Reforma • Period of reform in Mexico • Liberal governments tried to change Mexican society • Abolished fueros (the rights of soldiers and cleric to not stand trial) • Church could not own property that was not part of daily operations

  21. Reaction to La Reforma • Conservatives don’t like it • Launch a war • Benito Juarez, a Liberal, wins and enacts more reforms • French invade Mexico • Put Maximillan von Hapsburg on throne of Mexico • Juarez fights back, kicks out king

  22. David Siquieros Mural: "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his Courtesans". 1957-65 A Mural by Diego Rivera The Decadence of the Porfiriato

  23. Beginning of Porfirio Diaz • A liberal, Porfirio Diaz, takes power in a coup d’etat in 1876 • Stays in power until 1911 • Master of politics

  24. War with the US: effects • Gigantic!!! • Created hostility towards the US

  25. 9:1 Mexico under Porfirio Diaz: ●Diaz ruled Mexico 1876-1911. Ruled as a caudillo. ● Mexico’s inefficient economic system revolved around the hacienda.To achieve his goal of economic development Diaz allowed foreigners to control much of Mexico’s wealth. ● Diaz’s rule was harsh and arbitrary.

  26. 9:1 The Overthrow of Diaz: ● Reasons for the overthrow of Diaz: ✓Lack of upward mobility. ✓ Foreign domination of industry. ✓ Concentration of agricultural land in few hands. ✓ Economic recession. ✓ Diaz’s ineptitude in the presidential election of 1910. ●Revolution led by Francisco Madero. Francisco Madero

  27. 9:1 The Overthrow of Diaz continued: ● Pancho Villa, a rebel general from Chihuahua, became the military hero of the Revolution. ● Emiliano Zapata led the Revolution in Morelos. Zapata became the hero of the Mexican peasant with his demands for land reform in his Plan of Ayala. ● In May 1911, under the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, Diaz went into exile. ● A breach opened-up between the Zapatistas in the South and Madero and his followers from the North. Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa

  28. 9:2 Mexico under Francisco Madero (1911-1913): ●Madero was too idealistic to be a good president. In addition, his conservative nature alienated many revolutionaries, especially Zapata and his followers. ● Madero sent the army into Morelos to destroy Zapata. Zapata could avoid destruction, but he was too weak to defeat the federal forces.

  29. 9:2 Mexico under Francisco Madero continued: ● In March 1912 Pascual Orozco led a revolution against Madero. Villa and Victoriano Huerta defeated Orozco. Huerta became head of the army and Madero became totally dependent upon the army for his survival. ●Huerta arrested Villa (he later escaped from jail), murdered Madero in February 1913, and took over as President. Madero became a martyr. Victoriano Huerta

  30. 9:3the Mexican Revolution and Venustiano Carranza: ●Venustiano Carranza, Governor of Coahuila, led the revolt against Huerta. ● Villa joined with Carranza and won many victories. Carranza became jealous and advanced Álvaro Obregón as a counter-weight to Villa. Venustiano Carranza ● US President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta government and in April 1914 US forces occupied Vera Cruz.

  31. David Siquieros‘ “Zapata on Horseback” Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919)

  32. Villa and Zapata in Mexico City November, 1914

  33. 9:3 Zapata’s and Villa’s Fight against Carranza: ● The Constitutional Convention at Aguascalientes (October 1914) declared Carranza “in rebellion” because he refused to share power. ● In November 1914 Villa and Zapata controlled Mexico City. A reign of terror ensued that greatly discredited both men. Obregón and Carranza formed an alliance against them. ● By July 1915 Obregón had defeated Villa, and in October the US recognized the Carranza government. Villa resorted to guerrilla warfare. Villa and Zapata

  34. 9:3 Mexico under Carranza (1915-1919): ● Carranza had Zapata killed in April 1919. ● In March 1916 Villa attacked Columbus, NM and President Wilson sent the army under General John Pershing into Mexico to catch him. Pershing, Villa, and Obregón

  35. 9:3 Mexico under Carranza (1915-1919) continued: ● War almost broke out between Mexico and the US. Because neither side wanted war and the US wanted to focus on Europe, war was avoided and US troops left Mexico in February 1917. ● The Constitution of 1917 increased Carranza’s power and gave the Mexican government the power to take private property. The Catholic Church was restricted. ● In June 1916 Villa began raiding again. Atrocities by Villa’s men turned peasants against him. ● When Carranza refused to leave office in 1919 Obregón rose against him. Carranza was killed in May 1919. Obregón granted Villa a pardon. The Revolution was over. Obregón

  36. The Mexican Revolution David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”

  37. 9:4 Mexico after the Revolution: ●When Villa refused to recognize Plutarco Calles as Obregón’s successor, Obregón had Villa murdered in 1924. Obregón froze the status-quo. ● Between 350,000 and one million deaths during eight years of warfare. ● The economy of Mexico was modernized. The hacienda no longer dominated the Mexican economy. ● The Catholic Church lost power. ● New elites from the urban and industrialized middle-class arose. Upward mobility became available to men without family connections. The mass of people gained little.

  38. 9:4 Mexico under Calles (1924-1934): ● President Calles encouraged industrial and commercial development. ● Land distribution to peasants increased initially, and then stopped. ● The 1926-27 Cristeros Rebellion by militant Catholics was brutally repressed. ●Obregón was supposed to become President after Calles but he was assassinated by a Cristero in 1927 and Calles ruled as the jefe máximo through presidential surrogates. ● Calles created the National Revolutionary Party (PRI) to institutionalize his and his followers’ power.

  39. 9:4 Mexico under Cárdenas (1934-1940): 1) When Calles tried to control him, President Lázaro Cárdenas had Calles exiled. 2) Major redistribution of land temporarily helped peasants, but lack of capital for small farmers led to the reestablishment of large estates. 3) In March 1938 Cárdenas expropriated the properties of foreign oil companies. 4) By the end of his presidency Cárdenas had abandoned reform. The conservative general Manuel Ávila Camacho succeeded Cárdenas and all pretence of reform ended. Cárdenas

  40. Lázaro Cárdenas, chosen by Calles to be president in 1934, brought peasants’ and workers’ organizations into the party, and renamed it the Mexican Revolutionary Party (PRM), and removed the generals from government positions

  41. 9:1 The Mexican Revolution Timeline

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