Mexican Revolution

1. Mexican Revolution Mr. Turner IB HOTA

2. WHY? • The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the soil of economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. • The uneven distribution of wealth, uneven distribution of land, tied together into the formation of a society ruled by the elite, and paid for by the work of the peasant class.

3. Mexico Divided • Mexico is in political and economic chaos after independence • Race/Class Structure Remains • Creoles • Mestizos • Indians • Africans • Iturbede ousted in 1824 and Mexico becomes a republic • Santa Anna is the most dominant political leader.

4. 1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN • 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

5. 1824 • CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM. • 1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT. • 1846-1848- MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES HALF OF TERRITORY

6. Mexican-American War • Americans proclaim independence of Texas—March 2, 1836 • French try to take Mexico in 1838. • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Mexico defeated. • Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. • California, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico to US. • US pays Mexico $15,000,000 • Property owners assured can keep property

7. LA REFORMA • Liberals gain seats in congress due to loss of territory to USA. • Enact sweeping reforms. Destroy Feudal Vestiges and implement Capitalism! • People Panic!! Why? • Santa Anna briefly returns and implements a terror campaign against opponents. • Led to Liberal Revolt: Alvarez, Juarez, Tejada

8. 1854-1861-WAR OF REFORM • BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA) • 1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED – FEDERAL SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.

9. Mexico continued • Benito Juarez is elected president in 1858. • He confiscated Church property. • Mexico suspends payment of foreign debt in 1861. • France, Great Britain, and Spain protest.

10. LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861 • BENITO JUÁREZ – ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA- PRESIDENT. • CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE) • MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2 YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY COULD GET ON ITS FEET.

11. French occupy Mexico • The French occupy Mexico in 1861 and capture Mexico City in 1863. • Louis Napoleon makes Archduke Maximillian Emperor (April 10, 1864) • Maximillian was Austrian and never understood Mexico • There were many revolts • Maximillian is captured and executed with the rest of his family. • Juarez is restored.

12. NAPOLEION III-FRENCH INTERVENTION • WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE • 30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO CITY • ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS EMPEROR (HAPSBURG) • MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN CONSERVATIVE

13. 1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC • FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS • MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED • JUAREZ REGAINS POWER • INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN FISCAL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. • JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.

14. LERDO DE TEJADA 1872-1876 • TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF FOR ANOTHER TERM • OVERTHROWN BY PORIFIRO DIAZ

15. In 1876…PORFIRIATO • PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO. • HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911. • HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION…AND LITTLE REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.

16. ORDER FOLLOWED BY PROGRESS • DIAZ, ALTHOUGH CLAIMING TO BELIEVE IN THE “NO CONSECUTIVE TERM” RULE CONTAINED IN THE CONSTITUTION, ONLY RELINQUISHED HIS RULE ONE TIME, AFTER HIS FIRST YEARS IN OFFICE. FROM THEN ON HE MANIPULATED EVERY ELECTION---FOR THE GOOD OF MEXICO.

17. PORFORIO • MEXICO SAW GREAT GAINS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INDUSTRY, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PARTICULARLY BY THE U.S. • NO FREEDDOM OF THE PRESS • LAND , WEALTH, AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION WAS LIMITED TO A SMALL GROUP OF ELITE.

18. DIAZ • In 1908, Diaz gave an interview to James Creelman, in which ha stated that Mexico was ready for democracy. He said he would step down and allow others to compete for the presidency. • He changed his mind, however, when the possibility of a new leader seemed to cause disruption. • He ran again in 1910- and was sure he could control the results as in the past.

19. Causes of the Mexican Revolution • Reign of Porfirio Díaz • Ruled as a dictator • “New Creoles” • Modernized Mexico • Masses suppressed • Working class wages declined • 95% of rural population did not own any land • Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850 Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910)

20. Start of the Revolution • Election of 1910 • Francisco Madero ran against Díaz • Díaz had Madero arrested on election day • Madero called for Díaz to be overthrown • Movement supported by peasants and the middle class • Díaz forced to resign in May 1911 Francisco Madero (1911-1913)

21. Mexican Revolutionaries (1910) Pancho Villa Francisco Madero

22. FRANCISCO I. MADERO • EDUCATED IN EUROPE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST MADERO. • SIMILAR IN IDEOLOGY- BUT WANTED MORE POWER FOR THE ELITE IN POLITICS.

23. BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION • MADERO RELEASED- WENT TO U.S. • OCTOBER 5, 1910- ISSUES A LETTER FROM JAIL • PLAN DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ- CALLING FOR “FREE SUFFRAGE AND NO RE-ELECTION” • CALLED THE DIAZ REGIME ILLEGAL-CALLED FOR REVOLT- NOVEMBER 20

24. MADERO MADE VAGUE PROMISES OF AGRARIAN REFORM • HE RECEIVED SUPPORT OF PEASANT CLASS • HIS OWN ARMY- WITH SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS HAD SOME SUCCESS AGAINST THE DÍAZ ARMY. • OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES JOINED.

25. DIAZ AGAIN • WHEN DIAZ REALIZED THE GROWING POPULARITY OF MADERO, HE HAD MADERO JAILED ON CHARGES OF CONSPIRACY TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT • ELECTION DAY- MADERO WAS IN JAIL • DIAZ WON…

26. The Revolution Spreads • Madero was unprepared • Lack of land reforms led to open rebellion • Emiliano Zapata • “Land and Liberty” • Pancho Villa • Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 • Madero was eventually assassinated Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata Mural to Zapata in Cuba

27. Map of the Revolution

28. PANCHO VILLA in the North • Doroteo Arango Arámbula – BETTER KNOWN AS FRANCISCO “PANCHO” VILLA • As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to the United States of America gave him great popularity. • He was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.

29. VILLISTAS • VILLA AND HIS SUPPORTERS USED PROPAGANDA/ INTIMIDATION (FIRING SQUADS) • SEIZED HACIENDA LAND AND DISTRIBUTED IT TO THE POOR/ SOLDIERS • ROBBED TRAINS/ PRINTED FAKE MONEY

30. THE CENTAURO OF THE NORTH • VILLA’S GROUP MOVED FAST- USING TRAINS/ AND AN ELITE CAVALRY UNIT LOS DORADOS (THE GOLDEN ONES) • AS A “COLORFUL” FIGURE, VILLA CAPTURED THE EYE OF THE MEDIA AND DEVELOPED AN ALMOST CULT FOLLOWING

31. VILLA AND OROZCO • WON CONTROL OF CUIDAD JUAREZ- BORDERING THE RIO GRANDE • MAY 21, 1911 • TREATY OF CUIDAD JUÁREZ

33. EMILIO ZAPATA in the South • STATE OF MORELOS • Born August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco, Morelos. Was a mediero (sharecropper) and horse trainer. Conscripted into the army for seven years attaining the rank of sergeant. As president of the village council, he campaigned for the restoration of village lands confiscated by hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra Y Libertad." Zapata sided with Madero. .

34. ¡Tierra y Libertad! • Between 1910 and 1919, Zapata continued his fight for land and liberty, rebelling against anyone who interfered with his Plan of Ayala which called for the seizure of all foreign owned land, all land taken from villages, confiscation of one-third of all land held by "friendly" hacendados and full confiscation of land owned by persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala.

35. Timeline of the Revolution

36. The Revolution Continues • Huerta was opposed by a coalition led by Venustiano Carranza (top), Alvaro Obregón (bottom), Villa, Zapata, etc. • Huerta was overthrown in 1914 • Carranza appealed to masses • Mexican Constitution of 1917 • Villa and Zapata continued to rebel until 1919 and 1920 • Carranza was overthrown in 1920 • Replaced by Obregon (1920-1924)

37. VENUSTIANO CARRANZA • AS PRESIDENT, HE ORGANIZED THE CONVENTION THAT WROTE THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 THAT IS STILL IN PLACE TODAY. • EJIDO- AGRARIAN LAND COOPERATIVE REFORM- REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND – FROM WEALTHY TO THE PEASANTS

38. Constitution of 1917 • Conferred strong powers to the president • Laid basis for land reform • No major redistribution until 1934 • Government ownership of mineral and water resources • New labor laws • No major labor laws until 1931 • Placed restrictions on the church and clergy • Church went on strike in 1926

39. Women in the Revolution • Intellectuals • Called for equal rights, women’s suffrage, and other reforms • Often endured threats, imprisonment, etc. • Soldaderas • Served as nurses, cooks, foraged for food, washed clothes and other services • Served in the rebel army and the federal army • Women Soldiers

40. Women in the Revolution

41. Women in the Revolution

42. Aftermath of Revolution • Over one million people died • Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy, intellectual leadership, or political parties • Farming, ranching, and mining economies were destroyed • Oil industry improved during revolution • No major bank or newspaper survived

43. Aftermath Continued • Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924) • Built schools and encouraged nationalism • Diego Rivera • Mexico becomes a single-party system • Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI) • Dominated politics until 2000 • Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) • Redistributed 45 million acres of land • 253 million would be redistributed by 1984 • Promoted economic nationalism • Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)

44. PRI PARTY –DOMINANT PARTY FOR 71 YEARS UNTIL VICENTE FOX OF THE PAN PARTY WAS ELECTED.