Mexican Revolution

1. Mexican Revolution

2. Military Phase

3. Fall of Diaz • Causes • Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907 • Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures) • Worker’s strikes • 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine • 1907 Textile workers • Agitation of middle class reformers • Dissatisfaction of some large landholders / capitalists (Madero)

4. Francisco Madero

5. Francisco Madero • Leading critic of Diaz political machine • Family was part of elite social class with political and economic ties to Diaz • Agreed with Diaz’ liberal economic policies but wanted liberal political movement • Insisted 1910 V.P. candidate come from outside Diaz clique • Ran for president in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P. request

6. Francisco Madero cont. • Ran under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket • Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero himself just before election • Plan of San Luis Potosi

7. Plan of San Luis Potosi • Written by Madero while in jail • Published once he was in Texas • Provisions • Declared that 1910 elections were null and void • Madero assumed title of Provisional President • Called for free elections when conditions permitted

8. Supporters

9. Pancho Villa - north

10. Venustiano Carranza - north

11. Emiliano Zapata - south

12. Alvaro Obregon - north

13. Pasqual Orozco - north

14. Treaty of Ciudad Juarez • Issued after capture of Juarez • Diaz flees • Provisions • Ended hostilities • Resignation of Diaz • Placed Francisco de la Berra in as provisional president

15. Madero takes power • Madero elected in 1912 • Quickly is at odds with Zapata over land reform • Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata • Bernardo Reyes (Diaz aide) & Felix Diaz (nephew) attempt revolt • Madero can’t deal with the many decisions, at the mercy of aides (Huerta is commander of military)

16. Emiliano Zapata • Agrarian Revolutionary • Slogan of “Tierra y Libertad” • Leader of landless peasants • Called for return of land that had been taken during land concentration of Diaz • Quickly became disillusioned with Madero

17. Plan de Ayala • All foreign owned lands would be seized • All lands previously taken from villages would be returned (ejidos) • 1/3 of all land held by “friendly” hacendados taken for redistribution • All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken

18. Madero’s Fall • Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson • Revolt aided by release of Reyes and Felix Diaz (bombard Mexico City) • La Decena Tragica • Madero is killed February 1913 • Huerta assumes control

19. Victoriano Huerta • Served as General for Diaz • Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method of gaining power • Henry Lane Wilson is recalled • U.S. aids Huerta’s opponents • Wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime • Could never gain full control

20. U.S. Intervention • U.S. continually opposes Huerta regime • Tampico incident • Veracruz occupation • Other Mexican leaders reacted against U.S. actions (we were expecting their support) • Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable

21. Huerta’s Fall • Blames U.S. • Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Pancho Villa, Carranza and U.S. • Later attempts revolt from U.S. and is arrested and jailed

22. Pancho Villa • Also agrarian revolutionary with different land reform plan • All land confiscated would be used for revolution by government and distributed after revolution ends • Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and other unemployed • Created well equiped and well paid professional army • Most formidable of Carranza’s military opponents

23. Venustiano Carranza • Governor of state of Coahuila • Dissident member of landowning elite • Believed Mexico needed “energetic middle class” • Huerta’s most dangerous enemy • Issues Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) to counter Plan de Ayala • Took control of Mexico City in July 1914

24. Plan de Guadalupe • Carranza assumed leadership of rebellion against Huerta • Declared Huerta’s claim to power to be illegitimate • Delcared himself “First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army” • Followed by edicts stating: (Obregon) • restoration of ejidos and establishing national agrarian commision • called for improved conditions of poor

25. Aguascaliente Convention • Convention of Zapata’s, Villa’s and Carranza’s supporters • Carranza moves to Veracruz for “safety” • Villa’s troops take control of convention hall • Villa’s suicide statement • Adopts Plan de Ayala • Conventionists v. Constitutionalists

26. Carranza consolidates power • Chaos during this period • Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the north and Zapata continuing to attack in the south • Carranza moves to Mexico City • Call for a constitutional convention in 1916 • Constitutional convention takes place in 1917

27. U.S. Expedition • Pancho Villa, reacting to embargo, raids Columbus, NM • Woodrow Wilson sends General Pershing into Mexico to capture and punish Villa • Carranza opposes action, sees this as a "foreign invasion" of Mexico • Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled

28. Constitutional Convention • Call for a constitutional convention in 1916 • Convention takes place in 1917 • Carranza presents draft of recommendations that show little social change, no agrarian reform and limited regard for labor • Control of Convention taken by radicals

29. Constitution of 1917 • Final document was more liberal than Carranza had intended • Major clauses • Article 3 - Secular education • Article 27 - Land reform • Article 123 - Labor reform • Article 130 - Restrictions on Church

30. Article 3 • Compulsory elementary education • Public education will be free • Prohibited religion from having any influence in public education

31. Article 27 • Nation is the original owner of all lands, waters and subsoil • State could expropriate with compensation • All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void

32. Article 123 • 8 hour work day • Prohibited child labor • Equal pay for equal work • Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya) • Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike

33. Article 130 • Nation can not create law establishing religion • Marriage was a civil contract • Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers" • Limited property ownership by church

34. Carranza's final years • Moved to the right • Did not fully implement the Constitution • Received de jure recognition from the U.S. • Remained neutral in World War I • Zimmerman Telegram • Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S. very upset)

35. Carranza's Fall • Carranza's term ends in 1920 • He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the U.S.) who he could control • Obregon comes out of retirement to run • Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process in favor of Bonillas • Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to oust Carranza

36. Carranza's Fall (con’t) • Carranza loads train full of bullion and heads for Veracruz • Train is attacked • Carranza excapes to mountains but is trapped and murdered there • Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president

37. Reform Phase

38. Obregon's presidency • Elected to office in special election, assumes control in November 1920 • Pragmatic business approach to government • Sought accomodation with all groups except reactionary clergy and landlords • Modern version of "pan o palo”

39. Obregon's Policies • Land reform • Labor • Education • Indigenismo • U.S. relationship

40. Land Reform • Agrarian reform was useful safety valve for peasant discontent • Created national agrarian commission which oversaw state commissions • Power to expropriate hacendado land for landless villages • Paid for with 20 year bonds • Reform proceeded slowly due to: • Litigation by landlords

41. Land Reform (con’t) • Armed resistance by landlords • Opposition by clergy • 3 million acres distributed • 320 million acres in hands of hacendados • Even with land, failure occurred as government did not provide: seeds, tools, adequate credit or training

42. Labor • Encouraged labor to organize • Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) - labor union headed by Luis Morones • Ties to Samuel Gompers and the AFL in the United States • Semi-official status, supported by the government • Coopted by Obregon

43. Education • Jose Vasconcelos - Secretary of Education • Created new type of rural school, La Casa del Pueblo (The House of the People) • Designed to serve all of village • Three Rs, art, music, sports, theater, instruction in sanitation and agriculture • Idealistic but at times unprepared teachers • Itinerant teachers were sent to train those in the villages

44. Education (con’t) • Murals on public buildings • Conflict between new secular schools and religious schools • Priest denounced secular education • Obregon did not enforce Article 3 of the Constitution (ban on religious primary schools) • In the absence of state resources better to be taught by priest than stay illiterate

45. Indigenismo • Reassessment of Indian cultural heritage, pushing the greatness of old Indian arts • Manuel Gamio - director of Office of Anthropology (1st in Americas) • Study of Teotihuacan • Preserve & restore cultural heritage • Amass data for sound plan of economic and social recovery • Partisans of Revolution idealized Aztec Mexico

46. U.S. Relationship • Problem with retroactivity of Article 27 (Obregon will not openly state nonretroactivity) • U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition of the Obregon government • Obregon compromises • threat of counterrevolutionary coup against selection of Plutarco Calles as successor

47. U.S. Relationship (con’t) • Bucareli Agreement - August 1923 • Obregon confirms nonretroactivity • U.S. gives formal recognition to Obregon government • Coup attempt - December 1923 • put down coup with military supplies purchased from the U.S.

48. Calles' Presidency • Dominates the next decade of Mexican politics • Continued on foundations of Obregon • Radical rhetoric - pragmatic policy

49. Calles' Economic and Land Policies • Rapid growth of national capitalism • Creation of National Bank • strengthens fiscal/monetary policy • National Road Commission organized • National Electric Codes enacted • stimulates growth of construction and consumer goods industries

50. Calles' Economic and Land Policies (con’t) • Aid given to industry (foreign and domestic) • protective tariffs • subsidies • Land reform • distribution increased from Obregon • over twice as much land distributed 8 million hectares • problems • Hacendados were able to choose the land they gave up, most of it was not arable • Calles did not provide tools or other items to make the land productive