EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry : bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetria

1. EGG: European GroundwaterGeochemistry: bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetriades & theEuroGeoSurveys EGG projectgroup

2. www.eurogeosurveys.org EGG Geochemical Atlas ofEurope: 1 sample site per 5000 km2 The naturalvariationofUranium in European subsoils covers 3 ordersof magnitude ( from Salminen et al., 2005)

3. EGG • Sample materials for the Geochemical Atlas of Europe: • surface (stream) water - stream sediment • overbank sediment - Topsoil (0-20 cm) • soil C-horizon • Missing: • GROUNDWATER (impossible at reasonable cost?) • difficult to sample (contamination issues) • difficult to map (3D-regional distribution (aquifers)) • high local variation • what is actually ”groundwater”?

4. EGG Sample storage at BGR, Berlin Groundwatercanbeboughtreadilysampled at the European scale

5. EGG Analytical program, BGR-lab: ICP-MS: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr ICP-AES: Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, P, Si IC: Br-, Cl-, F-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42- AFS: Hg Titration: tAlk - HCO3-Photometric: NH4+ Potentiometric: pH Conductometric: EC 72 analytical parameters/sample

6. EGG • Issues when using ”Mineral (bottled) Water” as a proxy for groundwater: • Mineral water is NOT drinking water (EU regulations) • Mineral water may come from non-representative, quite special and unusual aquifers • Mineral water is sometimes treated prior to bottling (filtered, carbonated, de-ironed etc.) • The water samples can be contaminated from well and bottling installations • The water samples can be contaminated from the bottle material

7. EGG Comparisonofthe same bottled water sold in glass bottles and sold in PET bottles (N=126) Sb

8. EGG GLASS: Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Hf, Th, La are seriouslyaffected Manyothers show indications for leaching Pb Th

9. EGG Uranium in Europeanbottled water and tap water Europeansurface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005 Norwegianground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000 European tap water: thisproject, N=586

10. EGG Arsenic and Vanadium in Europeanbottled water and tap water – themajorityof elements show a surprisinglycomparabledistribution in all 4 datasets Europeansurface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005 Norwegianground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000 European tap water: thisproject, N=586

11. EGG A numberof elements (Ag, B, Be, Br, Cl, Cs, F, Ge, I, K, Li, Na, Rb, Sr, Te, Tl, Zr) show a ”mineral water” specificenrichment (+ 1 to 2 ordersof magnitude variation - brines and hydrothermal water) Europeansurface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005 Norwegianground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000 European tap water: thisproject, N=586

12. EGG Somefew elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) show a clearindicationthat tap water and Norwegiangroundwaterarecontaminated from thewellinstallations and water piping – over thewholeobservedconcentration range. Europeansurface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005 Norwegianground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000 European tap water: thisproject, N=586

13. EGG Vanadium: young volcanic centres and basaltic rocks are clearly marked in the map.

14. EGG Lithium: Hercynian Granites, Carpathian Mountain Chain, Dinarides. High values are in the range of Li-medication but deficiency may also clearly be an issue.

15. EGG • Conclusions • For some few elements the water samples can be seriously contaminated from the bottle material. • For MOST elements the data set provides a realistic picture of a likely median value and of the variation of the elements in (ground)water at the European scale. • Natural variation is enormous for most elements, usually 3-4 orders of magnitude and up to 7 orders of magnitude were observed. • When discussing water quality the focus on ”pollution” may be missguided. • - It may be necessary to consider element deficiency related problems more seriously.

16. EGG • Conclusions • Geological features that are visible in the maps include: • ophiolites (Cr, V) • alkaline volcanics and in general areas with active volcanism (Al, As, Be, F, K, Mn, Mo, P, Rb, Se, Si, Tl, V) • Hercynian granites (Al, B, Be, Cs, F, Ge, K, La, Li, Rb, Si, Sn, tAlk, Th, Ti, Zr) • deep structures (Sr) • deep sedimentary basins (B, Ba, Br, Cl, I, K, Li, Mg, Na)

17. SEGH, Galway The EGG project: 38 Europeancountries... Austria: G. Hobiger, GBA; P. Filzmoser, TU Wien; F. Koller, U. Wien Belgium: I. Schoeters, W. De Vos Bosnia & Herzegovina: H. Hrvatovic, Geol. Surv. Bulgaria: V. Trendavilov, Min. ofEnvironment and Water Croatia: J. Halamic, Geol. Surv. Czechia: R. Kadlecova, Geol. Suv. Estonia: V. Petersell, L. Bityukova. Finland: T. Tarvainen, J. Jarva, GTK France: I. Salpeteur,C. Innocent ,BRGM Germany: M. Birke, BGR Greece (& Cyprus): A. Demetriades, IGME Hungary: G. Jordan, Geol. Surv. Iceland: B. Wigum, Manvit HF Ireland: R. Flynn, QueensUniv. Belfast Italy: B. De Vivo, S. Albanese, A. Lima, U.Napoli; E. Dinelli, U.Bologna; D.Cicchela, U. Sannio; P. Valera, U. Cagliari Lithuania: V. Gregorauskienne, GeolSurv. Luxembourg: R. Maquil, SGL Macedonia: S. Stafilov, U.SkopjeMontenegro: N. Devic, Geol. Surv. Norway: C. Reimann, B. Frengstad, R.T. Ottesen, NGU Poland: L. Smietanski, PGI Portugal: C. Lourenço, INETI Romania: A. Ion, Geol. Surv. Russia: N. Philippov, AS Mineral Serbia: A. Gulan, B. Vukicevic, M.Z. Mandic, Geol. Inst. Slovakia: P. Malik, Geol.Surv. Slovenia: M. Gosar, Geol. Surv. Spain: A. Bel-lan, J. Locotura, IGME Sweden: K. Lax, SGU Switzerland: P. Hayoz, Swisstopo UnitedKingdom: D. Flight, S. Reeder, P. Smedley, BGS; D. Banks, HolyMooreConsultancy Ukraine: V. Klos, M. Vladimirova, Geol. Surv. +samples from Albania, Belarus, Denmark, Georgia, Latvia, The Netherlands, Turkey