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MODULE 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

MODULE 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE. Venue: Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh Date: 20-23 May 2013. Principles and Learning Objectives. Identify and briefly describe the meaning of the hardware and software Outline the role of the memory, storage and CPU

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MODULE 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

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  1. MODULE 4HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Venue: Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh Date: 20-23 May 2013

  2. Principles and Learning Objectives • Identify and briefly describe the meaning of the hardware and software • Outline the role of the memory, storage and CPU • Outline the overall evolution and importance of software in education sector • Discuss how utility software helps academicians in teaching and learning process • Identify three reasons to use middleware and discuss the pros and cons of each • Discuss how application software can support teaching and learning objectives

  3. Video Clip • Computer Hardware

  4. Hardware and Software • Hardware • the physical, tangible parts of a computer • keyboard, monitor, wires, chips, data, iPad, PC Tablet • Software • programs and data • a program is a series of instructions • A computer requires both hardware and software • Each is essentially useless without the other

  5. Main Memory CPU and Main Memory Chip that executes program commands Intel Pentium III Sun Sparc Processor Central Processing Unit Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use Synonymous with RAM

  6. Hard Disk Floppy Disk Secondary Memory Devices Information is moved between main memory and secondary memory as needed Secondary memory devices provide long-term storage Central Processing Unit Hard disks Floppy disks ZIP disks Writable CDs Tapes Main Memory

  7. Monitor Keyboard Hard Disk Floppy Disk Input / Output Devices I/O devices allow user interaction Central Processing Unit Monitor screen Keyboard Mouse Bar code scanner Light pen Touch screen Main Memory

  8. Digital Information • Computers store all information digitally: • numbers • text • graphics and images • audio • video • program instructions • In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers

  9. Binary Numbers • Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the binary number system • A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit • Devices that store and move information are cheaper and more reliable if they only have to represent two states • A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1) or off (0) • Combinations of bits are used to store values

  10. 1 bit 2 bits 3 bits 4 bits 0 1 00 01 10 11 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Bit Combinations Each additional bit doubles the number of possible combinations

  11. 1 bit ? 2 bits ? 3 bits ? 4 bits ? 5 bits ? How many items can be represented by Bit Combinations • Each combination can represent a particular item • There are 2N combinations of N bits • Therefore, N bits are needed to represent 2N unique items 21 = 2 items 22 = 4 items 23 = 8 items 24 = 16 items 25 = 32 items

  12. A Computer Specification • Consider the following specification for a personal computer: • 600 MHz Pentium III Processor • 256 MB RAM • 16 GB Hard Disk • 24x speed CD ROM Drive • 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution • 56 KB Modem • What does it all mean?

  13. 9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells) Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it Memory

  14. 9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte) 10011010 Large values are stored in consecutive memory locations Storing Information

  15. Storage Capacity • Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes it can hold • Capacities are expressed in various units: Unit Symbol Number of Bytes KB 210 = 1024 kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte MB 220 (over 1 million) GB 230 (over 1 billion) TB 240 (over 1 trillion)

  16. RAM vs. ROM • RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access) • ROM - Read-Only Memory • The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable • ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate device, such as a CD ROM • Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices! • RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory

  17. Retrieve an instruction from main memory fetch execute decode Carry out the instruction Determine what the instruction is The Central Processing Unit • A CPU is also called a microprocessor • It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:

  18. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The CPU contains: Arithmetic / Logic Unit Performs calculations and decisions Coordinates processing steps Control Unit Small storage areas Registers

  19. The Central Processing Unit • The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock • The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals • The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU • The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)

  20. Monitor • The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen • Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc. • A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024) • High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures

  21. Mobile Learning Devices

  22. SOFTWARE • Software means a program which is installed on a machine for a specific purpose. • Types of Software: • 1. System Software • 2. Application Software

  23. Video Clip • Computer Software

  24. System Software • A system software handle the hardware of a machine which configure the hardware penetration. Example: Windows, DOS, UNIX, VIPRO. • Systems software:coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and programs • Computer system platform: combination of a hardware configuration and systems software

  25. System Software

  26. Types of System Software • Types of systems software • Operating systems • Utility programs • Middleware

  27. Operating System • Operating system (OS): set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs • Kernel: ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs The Role of Systems Software

  28. Operating System • Activities performed by the operating system • Perform common computer hardware functions • Provide a user interface and input/output management • Provide a degree of hardware independence • Manage system memory • Manage processing tasks • Provide networking capability • Control access to system resources • Manage files

  29. Utility Programs • Utility Program is the software generally provided by the vendors as readymade packages to do some specific operations. • Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer sistem • Why is it important? • OS are becoming more complex • Keeps computer running smoothly • Help to protect OS on the internet

  30. Examples of Utility Program • Defragmentation and Disk Utilities Maintain files on disk and arrange them in a manner that allows for fast access • Backup Utilities Safeguard files by creating backup copies • Security Software Search for and remove viruses and spyware from computers, and guard against attacks • Spam and Pop-up Blockers Remove junk mail and ads

  31. Utility Software

  32. Middleware • Middleware: software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data • Middleware can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems

  33. Why use middleware? • Makes it easier to write complex applications • Allows portability across hardware and operating systems • Applications will run on any platform the middleware has been ported to • The application developer doesn’t need to consider the OS/hardware in every Set-Top-Box (STB) the application will run on • Makes it easier for third parties to write applications • Only need to learn about a few middleware platforms • More abstraction makes learning easier

  34. Application Software • An application software is meant to establish relation between utility software and system software. • Application software are programs that interact directly with the user for the performance of a certain type of work • Following are some of the examples of application software: • Media development software • Content access software • Entertainment software • Educational software • Simulation software

  35. Application Software

  36. Application Software • Application software: helps users solve particular problems • In most cases, application software resides on the computer’s hard disk • Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices

  37. Mobile Learning Apps

  38. iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students •  iStudiez Pro ($2.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app) • GoodReader ($5.49 each - iPhone & iPad) • Keynote ($9.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)

  39. iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students • Smart Writing Tool - 7notes HD Premium ($10.49 - iPad only) • Notability ($1.99 - iPad only) • iTunes U (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app)

  40. iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students • iThoughts HD mindmapping ($9.99  iPad - $7.99 iPhone) • Numbers ($9.99 -iPhone/iPad universal app) • Permanent - The New Spreadsheet ($19.99 - iPad only)

  41. iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students • TextGrabber + Translator ($4.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app) •  EasyBib (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app) • Evernote (FREE & Paid - iPhone/iPad universal app)

  42. Thank You

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