Hardware and Software

1. IS 130 Information systems 1 Hardware and Software Chapter 2 – Part 1

2. Why Learn About Hardware and Software? • Organizations invest in computer hardware to: • Improve worker productivity. • Increase revenue, reduce costs. • Provide better customer service. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

3. What is Hardware ? • Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that perform the input, processing, storage, and output activities of the computer. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

4. Hardware Components (continued) • System unit: • Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory). • All other computer system devices: • Are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

5. Hardware Components (continued) System unit Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

6. System Unit Components • Central Processing Unit (CPU): The part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: • Arithmetic/logic unit. • the control unit. • the register areas.

7. CPU Components • Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): • Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons. • Control unit: • Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of datain and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices. • the register areas • A special, high-speed storage area. All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

8. Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity • Primary memory: holds program instructions and data, is closely associated with the CPU.

9. Processing Characteristics and Functions - organizations use a variety of measures to measure processing speed. • Clock speed: • Series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time. • Each instruction takes at least the same amount of time As the interval between pulses. • The shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be executed. • Often measured in: • Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second. • Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second.

10. Processing Characteristics and Functions cont. • Physical characteristics of the CPU • Most CPUs are collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips. • Electrical current must flow through a medium from point A to point B. • The speed at which it travels between points can be increased by either reducing the distance between the points or reducing the resistance of the medium to the electrical current. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

11. Memory Characteristics and Functions • Memory: • Located physically close to the CPU to decreaseaccess time. • Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data. • Rapidly providesdata and instructions to the CPU. • Storage capacity: • Data is stored in memory as a combination of on or offcircuit states. • byte (B): Eight bits that together represent a single character of data. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

12. Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued) Table 2.1 lists units for measuring computer storage Capacity. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

13. Types of Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM) • Permanent storage • NonVolatile • programs and data from the computer manufacturer. • Can be read, but not overwritten. • Temporarily storage • Volatile memory. • RAM chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to changes in electric current. • Read/write memory.

14. Multiprocessing • Multiprocessing: • Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time. • There are a number of forms of multiprocessing: • Multicore microprocessor: • Combinestwo or moreindependent processors into a single computer to share the workload and boost processing capacity. • Ex: Intel, AMD, and IBM are battling for leadership in the multicore processor marketplace. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

15. Multiprocessing (continued) • Parallel computing: • Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtainresults faster. • The most frequent uses for parallel computing include modeling, simulation, and analyzing large amounts of data. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

16. Secondary Storage Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

17. Secondary Storage • Secondary storage: • Compared with memory, offers the advantages of: • Nonvolatility. • greater capacity. • greater economy. • Considerably slowerthan memory. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

18. Secondary Storage • The selection of secondary storage media and devices requires understanding their primary characteristics: • Access method. • Capacity. • Portability. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

19. Access Methods Data and information access can be either sequential or direct. • Sequential access: • Data is stored and retrieved in a sequential process. • Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data. • Devices used called sequential access storage devices (SASDs) such as : Magnetic tape. • Direct access: • Records can be retrieved in any order. • Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) such as magnetic disks.

20. Hard Disk Drives & Floppy Disks (diskettes) Secondary Storage Devices • Magnetic tapes: • Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data. • magnetized to represent bits. • Sequential access storage medium. • access is slower, and usually less expensive than disk storage. • Magnetic disks: • Direct-access storage device. • fast data retrieval. • high capacity. • Reasonable cost.

21. Secondary Storage Devices (continued) • Optical discs: • Common form of optical disc on which datacannot be modified once it has been recorded: • compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) • CD-recordable (CD-R) • CD-rewritable (CD-RW) • Digital video disc (DVD): • Storage medium used to store software, video games, and movies. • Solid State Secondary Storage Devices (SSDs) • Store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media. • Adv. : required less power and provide faster data access. • Disadv. : higher cost per GB of data storage and lower capacity. • EX:A Universal Serial Bus (USB) • USB flash drives are external to the computer and are removable and rewritable.

22. Input Devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

23. Input Devices • Devices used to input general types of data: • Personal computer input devices • A keyboard and a computer mouse are the most common devices used for entry of data. • Speech recognition technology • Enables a computer equipped with a source of speech input such as a microphone to interprethuman speech as an alternative means of providing data or instructions to the computer. • Speech recognition SW requires voice recognition training. • Discrete speech recognition: requires pauses between each word. • Continuous speech recognition (CSR) recognizes continuous speech.

24. Input Devices • Digital cameras • record and store images or video in digital form. • Touch-sensitive screens • Display screens which function as input as well as outputdevices. • By touching certain parts of a sensitive screen, you can execute a program or cause the computer to take an action. • Frequently used at fast food restaurants, information center in hotel, and so on.

25. Input Devices (continued) 4. Optical data readers • Special scanning device to scan documents. • Optical mark recognition (OMR) readers for test scoring and other purposes when test takers use pencils to fill in boxes on OMR papers. • OMR systems are used in standardized tests, such as SAT and GMAT tests. • Optical Character recognition (OCR) readers use reflected light to recognize and scan various characters. Can convert handwritten or typed documents into digital data. • After being entered, this data can be shared, modified, and distributed over computer networks to hunderds or thousands of people. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

26. Input Devices (continued) 5. Pen Input Devices: • By touching a touch screen with a pen input device, you can activate a command or cause the computer to perform a task, enter handwritten notes, and draw objects and figures. • requires special software and hardware. • The success of pen input depends on how accurately handwriting can be read and translated into digital form. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

27. Input Devices (continued) 6. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) A technology that employs a microchip with an antenna to broadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers. • Example: The NewmountLeeville Gold Mine in Nevada uses RFID technology to track miners, equipment, and vehicles. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

28. Output Devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

29. Output Devices 1- Display monitors Used to display the output from the computer. • Types: • Cathode-Ray Tube (CRTs): Used to display images ,it generate one or more electron beams. A dot on the screen called a pixel lights up. A pixel is a dot of color on a photo image or a point of light on a display screen. Cathode-Ray Tube (CRTs) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

30. Output Devices • Plasma display: • Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are electrically turned into plasma to emit light • LCD displays: • Flat displays that use liquid crystals. • These displays are easier on your eyes than CRTs because they are flicker-free, brighter, and they do not emit the type of radiation that concerns some CRT users. • In addition, LCD monitors take up less space and use less than half of the electricity required to operate a comparably sized CRT monitor. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

31. Output Devices(continued) 2- Printers and plotters: • Two main types of printers are laser printers and inkjet printers. • The speed of the printer is typically measured by the number of pages printed per minute (ppm). • the quality, or resolution, of a printer’s output depends on the number of dots printed per inch (dpi). • Laser printers are generally faster than inkjet printers • Plotters are a type of hard-copy output device used for general design work. • Example: blueprints, and drawings of buildings Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

32. Output Devices(continued) 3- Digital audio player • Can store, organize, and play digital music files. 4- E-books: • Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

33. Computer System Types Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

34. Computer System Types • Computer systems: • Can range from desktop(or smaller) portable computersto massive supercomputers that require housing in large rooms. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

35. Computer System Types

36. 1- Portable Computers • They are smallenough to carry easily. Portable computers include : • handheld computers. • laptop computers. • notebook computers. • netbook computers. • tablet computers. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

37. Portable Computers (continued) • Handheld computers: • Single-user computers that provide ease of portability because of their small size. • Laptop computer: • Personal computerdesigned for use by mobile users. • Notebook computers: • Lightweight computer that weighs less than 5 pounds. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

38. Portable Computers (continued) • Netbook computer: • The smallest, lightest, least expensive member of the laptop computer family. • Tablet computers: • Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard. • Smartphone: • Combines the functionality of a mobile phone, camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, MP3 player, and other devices .

39. 2- Nonportable Single-User Computers • Thin client: • Low-cost, centrallymanaged computer with no extra drives (such as CD or DVD drives). • Desktop computers: • A relatively small, inexpensive, single-user computer that is highly versatile. System unit Thin client computer Desktop computer

40. Nonportable Single-User Computers (continued) • Workstations: • More powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop. • used for mathematical computing, computer-aided design, and other high-end processing.

41. 2- Multiple-User Computer Systems • Server: • More powerful than workstations. • Used by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

42. Multiple-User Computer Systems (continued) • Mainframe computer: • Large, powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network. • Supercomputers: • The most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highestperformance. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

43. Computer System Types (continued)

44. Computer System Types (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

45. Questions .. Thank you for listening Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition