1 / 14

Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Learning. Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College. Classical conditioning. Learning: durable change in behavior or knowledge Ivan Pavlov: digestion in dogs

amadis
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 7

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 7 Learning Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

  2. Classical conditioning Learning: durable change in behavior or knowledge Ivan Pavlov: digestion in dogs Classical conditioning: type of learning; neutral stimulus brings a response after being paired with another stimulus that naturally brings out that response www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/pavlov.jpg

  3. A Schematic Representation of Classical Conditioning

  4. Classical Conditioning: terminology • Neutral stimulus (NS): (i.e. tone of bell) a stimulus that doesn’t bring about specified response before conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): (i.e. meat powder) stimulus that naturally brings about specified response (UCR) • Unconditioned Response (UCR): (i.e. salivation) response that is natural; unlearned reaction to UCS • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): (i.e. tone of bell after pairing w/meat powder) formerly neutral stimulus that has been paired w/UCS to bring about response (CR) • Conditioned Response (CR): (i.e. salivation to tone of bell) learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

  5. Helpful Hints • Conditioned=learned; Unconditioned=not learned • Unconditioned stimulus => unconditioned response • UCS-UCR pairings = unlearned and untrained • During conditioning, a NS becomes the CS • CS leads to a CR & is a product of learning/training • UCR & CR are similar (i.e. salivation) • UCR occurs naturally but CR is learned

  6. Processes inClassical Conditioning Extinction – response eventually disappears Spontaneous Recovery – response reemerges Stimulus Generalization – respond to similar things Stimulus Discrimination – opposite of generalization

  7. Fig 6.10 – The conditioning of Little Albert.The diagram shows how Little Albert’s fear response to a white rat was established. Albert’s fear response to other white, furry objects illustrates generalization.

  8. Classical Conditioning in Real Life • Learning to like – conditioning positive emotions • Learning to fear – conditioning negative emotions • Accounting for taste – conditioning likes & dislikes • Reacting to medical treatments – reactions to unpleasant treatment or to those that provide relief

  9. Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning – learning based on favorable or unfavorable consequences B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement: stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated if followed by favorable consequences www.nndb.com/people/297/000022231/bf-skinner-sm.jpg

  10. Reinforcement: consequences that strengthen responses • Delayed Reinforcement -Longer delay, slower conditioning • Primary Reinforcers -Satisfy biological needs • Secondary Reinforcers -Conditioned reinforcement; associated with primary reinforcers

  11. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus (i.e. raise for good performance) • Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus (i.e. taking aspirin to relieve headache) • Decreasing a response: • Punishment: decreases probability that previous behavior will occur again (i.e. penalizing for misbehavior) °Positive punishment – presenting/adding unpleasant stimulus °Negative punishment – reducing/removing a pleasant stimulus • Problems with punishment: negative emotional responses, physical punishment may lead to more aggression

  12. Positive Versus Negative Reinforcers

  13. Negative Reinforcers Versus Punishment

  14. Observational Learning: Basic Processes • Albert Bandura: investigated and outlined theory of observational learning (Bobo Doll experiment) • Observational learning – learning through modeling others(aka “vicarious conditioning”) • 4 key processes • attention • retention • reproduction • motivation

More Related