Chapter 7. Understanding and Supporting Hard Drives. You Will Learn…. About hard drive technologies How communication with hard drive BIOS is accomplished How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data How to install a hard drive How to troubleshoot hard drives. Hard Drive Technology.
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Chapter 7 Understanding and Supporting Hard Drives
You Will Learn… • About hard drive technologies • How communication with hard drive BIOS is accomplished • How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data • How to install a hard drive • How to troubleshoot hard drives
Hard Drive Technology • Technology of how the hard drive interfaces with the system • Technology used within the hard drive to read and write data to the drive
How Hard Drives Work • Platter(s) are stacked together and spin in unison • Read/write heads are controlled by an actuator and move in unison across disk surfaces as disks rotate on a spindle • Require hard drive controller for instructions
Tracks and Sectors on IDE Drive • Older MFM and RLL technologies • Have either 17 or 26 sectors per track over entire drive platter • All tracks contain same number of bytes • IDE drives use zone bit recording formatting system • Number of sectors per track is not the same throughout the platter • Tracks near center have smallest number of sectors per track
IDE Drives • Low-level formatting • Track and sector markings are written on hard drive at the factory • High-level formatting (OS formatting) • Executed by the OS • Creating a boot sector, FAT, and root directory
Communicating with the Hard Drive BIOS • Calculating drive capacity on older drives • Adjusting for more complex hard drive organization • Calculating capacity on newer drives • CHS or normal mode • Translation methods • ECHS mode or large mode • LBA mode
Installations Using Legacy BIOS • Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive • Upgrade the BIOS • Upgrade entire motherboard • Use software that interfaces between older BIOS and large-capacity drive • Use an adapter card that provides the BIOS to substitute for system BIOS
How System BIOS Helps Manage Data Transfer • Provides interrupt handler for software interrupts • Automatically detects/configures hard drive • Helps manage data transfer over I/O bus between hard drive and memory • Using PIO mode, CPU is in charge • Using DMA with DMA controller in charge (no CPU involvement) • With bus mastering using DMA, hard drive BIOS controls data transfer
How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold Data • Requirements to boot from hard drive and get to a command prompt: • Drive must have track and sector markings written on it • A file system must be installed • Files needed to boot the PC must be copied to root directory of drive
Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives • Partitions • High-level divisions • Logical drives (volumes) • Further division of partitions • Have letters assigned to them • Each has its own file system (eg, FAT16, FAT32)
When to Partition a Drive • When installing a new hard drive • If existing hard drive is giving errors • If you suspect a virus has attacked the drive • To wipe hard drive clean and install new OS
What Happens During Formatting • OS format for each logical drive creates these file system items at beginning of each logical drive: • OS boot record • FAT • Root directory
Installing a Hard Drive • Set jumpers or DIP switches on drive; physically install drive inside case; attach power cord and data cable • Inform CMOS setup of new drive, or verify that autodetect correctly detected the drive • Use Fdisk utility to create partition(s) on drive; divide extended partition into logical drives • Use Format command to high-level format each logical drive • Install OS and other software
Prepare for Installation • Read documentation • Plan drive configuration • Prepare work area and take precautions
