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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms

Carbon Cycles Through Organisms. autotrophes. heterotrophes. All Cells Respire. Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals They metabolize the sugars themselves!. Respiration Transforms Energy. Anaerobically ( without O 2 ):. 4 ATP. Aerobically:. 38 ATP.

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Carbon Cycles Through Organisms

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  1. Carbon Cycles Through Organisms autotrophes heterotrophes

  2. All Cells Respire Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals They metabolize the sugars themselves!

  3. Respiration Transforms Energy Anaerobically (without O2): 4 ATP Aerobically: 38 ATP It’s catabolic! Its exergonic! It’s redox! It’s enzyme-facilitated!

  4. Recall: Catabolic & Exergonic - breaking down & releasing energy Redox - transferring e- Enzyme facilitated glucose oxygen releasing nrg forming water

  5. Fuel the Body to fuel the cells 1. Consume organic molecules • carbohydrates, lipids, proteins 2. Digest them, releasing energy • catabolic rxn 3. Cells transform released energy into a useable form; an energy currency • a vehicle to pass energy around • a short term energy storage molecule ATP

  6. ATP -Adenosine TriPhosphate • A modified nucleotide adenine + ribose + PO4- AMP AMP + PO4- ADP ADP + PO4- ATP • • adding the P is key! • phosphorylation

  7. O– O– O– O– O– O– O– O– P P P P P P P P –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O O– O– O O O O O O O O ATP stores energy ~ Each PO4- more difficult to add • negative to negative • a lot of stored energy in each bond (most in the third) AMP ADP ATP • ~ Final Pgroup pops off easily & transfers energy • • bonding of Pgroups is unstable • • instability makes ATP a great energy donor

  8. O– O– O– O– P P P P –O O– –O O– –O –O O– O– O O O O Phosphorylation Transfers Energy • ATP  ADP : Releases energy • Use to fuel other reactions : Phosphorylation • released PO4- transferred to another molecule destabilizes the other molecule by stealing e- • phosphorylation facilitated by enzyme kinase 7.3 kcal + ADP ATP

  9. + P ATP / ADP are cycled ATP • ATP is unstable ~ good energy donor ~ poor energy storage too reactive; transfers P easily ~ a renewable resource ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

  10. P ATP C 2 hexokinase C 2 ADP phosphofructokinase H C P Phosphorylation Occurs in Glycolysis Phosphate transfer activates the breakdown of glucose glucose C-C-C-C-C-C P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P P-C-C-C C-C-C-P PGAL - Phosphoglyceraldehyde….. becoming Pyruvate

  11. 2 ATP Glycolysis ‘sugar’ + ‘break apart’ Occurs in cytoplasm (cytosol) of all organisms 10 step biochemical pathway Enzyme - facilitated Reactant: 6 C glucose + 2 ATP Product: two 3C pyruvate +4 ATP + 2 NADH e- e- NADH NADH?

  12. 4 ATP Start here Got fructose? Enter pathway here Invest 2 ATP phosphorylate PGAL e- e- 2 NADH Again, NADH??

  13. Electron Transfer Molecules *NAD+ coenzymes NADH ^FAD cofactors FADH2 oxidizingreducing donates e-accepts e- *Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ^Flavin adenine dinucleotide

  14. Pyruvate options Anaerobic options All Organisms plants & animals yeast bacteria muscle cells

  15. Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation 3 C Pyruvate acetlyaldehyde + CO2 2 C ethanol

  16. Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation Ethanol is toxic to yeast at about 12% limiting the alcohol content of naturally fermented products some bacteria & yeast

  17. Fermentation v2: Lactate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C lactate (lactic acid) (No CO2)

  18. Fermentation v2: Lactate

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