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Chapter 29

Chapter 29. Plant Diversity I How Plants Colonized Land. Figure 29.1 Tree ferns and a moss-covered log. Angiosperms. Gymnosperms. Charophyceans. Seedless vascular plants. Bryophytes (nonvascular plants). Unnumbered figure page 573. 30 nm.

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Chapter 29

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  1. Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I How Plants Colonized Land

  2. Figure 29.1 Tree ferns and a moss-covered log

  3. Angiosperms Gymnosperms Charophyceans Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Unnumbered figure page 573

  4. 30 nm Figure 29.2 Rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes

  5. (a) Chara, a pond organism 10 mm 40 µm (b) Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk- shaped charophycean (LM) Figure 29.3 Examples of charophyceans, the closest algal relatives of land plants

  6. Viridiplantae Streptophyta Plantae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Embryophytes Ancestral alga Figure 29.4 Three clades that are candidates for designation as the plant kingdom

  7. APICAL MERISTEMS Developing leaves Apical meristem of shoot Apical meristems of plant shoots and roots. The light micrographs are longitudinal sections at the tips of a shoot and root. Apical meristem of root Shoot Root 100 µm 100 µm Haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte) ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS Mitosis Mitosis n n n n n Spores Gametes MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION 2n 2n Zygote Mitosis Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte) Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme Figure 29.5 Derived Traits of Land Plants

  8. Spores WALLED SPORES PRODUCED IN SPORANGIA Sporangium Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Sporophyte and sporangium of Sphagnum (a moss) Sporophyte Gametophyte MULTICELLULAR GAMETANGIA Female gametophyte Archegonium with egg Antheridium with sperm Archegonia and antheridia of Marchantia (a liverwort) Male gametophyte MULTICELLULAR, DEPENDENT EMBRYOS Embryo Maternal tissue 2 µm Embryo and placental transfer cell of Marchantia 10 µm Wall ingrowths Placental transfer cell

  9. (a) Fossilized spores. Unlike the spores of most living plants, which are single grains, these spores found in Oman are in groups of four (left; one hidden) and two (right). (b) Fossilized sporophyte tissue. The spores were embedded in tissue that appears to be from plants. Figure 29.6 Ancient plant spores and tissue

  10. Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants

  11. Land plants Vascular plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants Mosses Liverworts Hornworts Angiosperms Gymnosperms Charophyceans Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Ancestral green alga Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution

  12. Angiosperms Gymnosperms Charophyceans Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Unnumbered figure page 580

  13. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Rhizoid FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote Archegonium Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss(layer 1)

  14. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Rhizoid Seta FERTILIZATION Capsule(sporangium) (within archegonium) Zygote Calyptra Maturesporophytes Embryo Foot Archegonium Youngsporophytes Femalegametophyte Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss(layer 2)

  15. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) “Bud” Antheridia Protonemata “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Peristome Rhizoid Sporangium Seta FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Capsule(sporangium) (within archegonium) Zygote Calyptra Maturesporophytes Mature sporophytes Embryo Foot Archegonium Youngsporophytes Femalegametophytes Capsule with peristome (LM) Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss(layer 3)

  16. LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA) Gametophore of female gametophyte Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort Foot Seta Sporangium Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Marchantia sporophyte (LM) 500 µm MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA) HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA) An Anthoceros hornwort species Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Sporophyte Sporophyte Gametophyte Gametophyte Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity

  17. (a) Peat being harvested from a peat bog Sporangium at tip of sporophyte Gametophyte Living photo- synthetic cells Dead water- storing cells 100 µm (c) Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality. (d) “Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C. The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years. Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance (b) Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and their offspring, the sporophytes.

  18. Angiosperms Gymnosperms Charophyceans Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Unnumbered figure page 584

  19. Figure 29.11 Aglaophyton major, an ancient relative of modern vascular plants

  20. Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern 1 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 3 The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 2 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridium Young gametophyte Spore MEIOSIS Sporangium Sperm Archegonium Egg New sporophyte Mature sporophyte Zygote Sporangium FERTILIZATION Sorus On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. 6 Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 4 Gametophyte A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 5 Fiddlehead

  21. Vascular tissue (a) Microphylls, such as those of lycophytes, may have originated as small stem outgrowths supported by single, unbranched strands of vascular tissue. Megaphylls, which have branched vascular systems, may have evolved by the fusion of branched stems. (b) Figure 29.13 Hypotheses for the evolution of leaves

  22. Homosporous spore production Typically a bisexual gametophyte Eggs Sporangium in sporophyll Single type of spore Sperm Heterosporous spore production Megasporangium in megasporophyll Female gametophyte Megaspore Eggs Microsporangium in microsporophyll Male gametophyte Microspore Sperm Unnumbered figure page 586

  23. LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA) Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort Selaginella apoda, a spike moss Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA) Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern Vegetative stem Strobilus on fertile stem FERNS HORSETAILS WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity

  24. Figure 29.15 Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence

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