1. Chapter 29

2. Voices of Protest • Native American Protest • 1961 • 67 tribes created Declaration of Purposes • Criticized termination policies • Lobbied for inclusion with war on poverty • Johnson established National Council on Indian Opportunity 1965 • 1968 • “Red Power” • Younger movement • Mocked Columbus Day • American Indian Movement • Most militant • Occupied Alcatraz for 19 months • Goal to protect way of life • Reassertion of Native American Culture • Hispanic-American • Fastest-growing minority • Impatient • Cesar Chavez 1965 • “La Causa” • Non-violence, led agricultural strikes • Chicano/Chicana movement • More militant • Boycotts to demand bilingual classes, more Latino teachers • Spread to other minorities

3. 2nd Feminist Wave • Urged 1964 Civil Rights Act to include gender discrimination too • 1966 NOW (Nat’l Org. of Women) • Betty Freidan, Aileen Hernandez • Sought liberal change • “Feminine Mystique” 1963 • Women wanted careers, identity • Anti-Vietnam • Mary King, Casey Hayden 1965 • Starts Women’s Liberation Movement • Women’s Liberation • Groups spread across nation • Generated publicity • Miss American “sheep” 1968 • Boston Marathon • “The Pill” 1960 (came on market) • Worked for • Daycare centers, rape crisis, abortion counseling • Rejected notion of women as passive • August 1970 • Largest women’s rights movement

5. Escalation of War • 1963 • Before JFK’s death, authorized overthrow of Diem in S. Vietnam • Increased US forces to 16,000 • South Vietnam’s government under Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular • Johnson’s decision • Torn, widened limited war • Ordered air strikes Feb. 1964 • Authorized escalation • Gulf of Tonkin Aug. 1964 • US “victims” of open aggression on the high seas • Condemned attacks, ordered more air strikes • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Gave President a “blank check” to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam • Often called “illegal war” because was not declared by Congress • Operation “Rolling Thunder” • 1965 • Bombing, air war (B-52s) • 1965-1968 = 800 tons of bombs dropped a DAY • Committed more troops • “meat-grinder” strategy • War of attrition, alienated peasants • Doves vs. Hawks • Opposition to war started at colleges March 1965 • Univ. of Michigan • 1966 large-scale protests • Intellectuals, clergy joined • Bobbie Kennedy, Dr. Benjamin Spock, MLK Jr. • War’s toll on the poor • College deferments benefitted wealth • TV coverage • Eroded support • Many left undecided though

6. A Time of Upheaval • Youth Movement • Starts with JFK • More than ½ population of 1960’s under 30 years old • Conflict between baby boomers and youth • A “New” Left • Insurgent majority of liberal arts majors • Welcomed idealism of civil-rights movement • Determined not to be “silent” • Port Huron Statement 1962 • SDS: Students for a Democratic Society • Wanted non-violent movement • Turn universities into a participatory democracy • Protest to Resistance • Mario Savio • Home from Freedom Summer • Univ. of Cali-Berkley • Banned political activity • Started Berkley Free Speech Movement (FSM) • Spread across country • New demands • Smaller classes, more minorities • Violent sects • the Weatherman • Vietnam influence • “Make Love, Not War” • SDS, Vietnam Vets. Against the War • 40,000 students, 100 campuses

8. A Time of Upheaval • College Massacres • Kent State- April 30, 1970 • Radicals tried to fire-bomb ROTC building • Martial law at University • 600 students protested • Threw stones at National Guard troops • Opened fire • 4 dead • Jackson State- May 14, 1970 • 10 days later • Mississippi state patrolmen fired into a women’s dorm • Two black students killed

9. Counter-Culture • Hippies and Drugs • Marijuana • 60% of college students tried • No real “evidence” against it • LSD • Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey • Films • “Hair” 1967 • “Alice’s Restaurant” 1969 • Music • Jim Morrison “the Doors”, Bob Dylan • Jefferson Airplane, Rolling Stones, Beatles • Revolt • Surplus military clothing • Torn jeans, tie-dyed shirts • Music Revolution • 1960’s College Folk • Bob Dylan • Beatlemania • Woodstock 1969, 800,000 people • End of the movement • NY, San Fran • Charles Manson • Stones concert at Almont Raceway • 1970 Beatles disbanded • Sexual Revolution • “if it feels good, do it” • “the pill” debate • 1970 1/3 fetuses aborted • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Publications • Playboy • Gore Vidal’s “Myra Breckenridge” 1969 • Films • “Easy Rider” • “Midnight Cowboy” • Divorce rate increased • Cohabitation increased • “open marriages” • Gay Liberation • Public June 1969 • Raid on a gay bar in NY • “gay pride” • Supported mainly in cities • Change stigmas • American Psychiatric Association • Not a “mental disorder” • 1975 US Civil Service Commission ended ban on employment

11. Beatles:1960s Beatles: 1970

13. 1968: Politics of Upheaval • Tet Offensive in Vietnam • Jan 1968 • Lunar New Year attacked launched by North Vietcong • N. Vietnamese attack 100+ villages and US embassy • Media Reaction • Even though U.S. recovered territory, negative public reaction • Tet demoralized American public • LBJ loss of support • Shaken President • Eugene McCarthy gaining steam • Robert Kennedy joins race • Supported by working-class ethnic whites, poor, and minorities • LBJ not seeking re-election • Assassinations and Turmoil • April 4, 1968: MLK Jr. • June 5, 1968: Robert Kennedy • After Primary win in C.A. • Killed by young Arab nationalist angry over Israel

15. 1968: Politics of Upheaval • GOP Nominee Richard Nixon • Promised to end war honorably • Voice of Americans • Anti-protests • Other nominees • George Wallace • Self-nominated candidate of American Independent Party • Anti-segregation • Eugene McCarthy • Democrat • 1968 Democratic Convention • Threat of “yippies” • “The whole world is watching” • Chicago police brutality • Conservative resurgence • Nixon capitalized on Chicago • Only real threat Independent George Wallace • Represented the South • 1968 Election ends Liberal Era

17. Nixon and World Politics • Vietnamization • When Nixon takes office, 500,000 troops in Vietnam • Nixon Doctrine 1969 • US role “helpful partner” not military protector in 3rdworld • Support with money, not troops • Called Nixon Doctrine • Gradual withdraw • Vietnam a MESS • Morale, drugs, murder • My Lai massacre 1968 • Vietnamization • More S. Vietnamese troops • 1972 down to 30,000 US troops • Kissinger sent to negotiate • Nixon’s War • Secret B-52 bombings on Cambodia • Widened Indochina War • America’s longest war ends • 1972 “peace at hand” • Snag with demands • Christmas bombing of Hanoi • Paris Accords Jan 1973 • Ended hostilities • Left situation unresolved • Results • 58,000 dead • 300,000 wounded • $150 billion • Psychological effects • “Put Vietnam behind us” • US could care less about Indochina • Détente • 1970 “three-dimensional” game • 1972- China • Formal recognition • 1972- Moscow • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

19. Politics • Middle East • 6 day war 1967 • PLO • October 1973 • Egypt/Syria attacked Israel • US sends supplies to Israel • Results in oil embargo • Dramatized US reliance on foreign energy sources • Alaska drilling increased • Kissinger's Shuttle Diplomacy • Middle East • Aiding anti-democratic governments and white supremacist regimes against communism • Chile 1970 • US involvement • Recognizes dictator 1973

21. Nixon’s Domestic Agenda • July 21, 1969 • “The Eagle has landed” • Apollo 11 • Nation’s hopes restored • New Federalism • Wanted to slow down growth of New Society programs • Accomplishments • Wage and price controls • Affirmative action policies • Vote for 18 year-olds • OSHA • EPA • Despite not having a GOP majority in EITHER house of Congress • Critics • Government too intrusive • Family Assistance Plan 1969 • Race-conscious employment regulations • Economy • $25 billion deficit in 1969 • Inflation at 5% • Cut gov’t spending • Fed raised interest rates • Resulted in recession • = Stagflation • Different approaches • Early 1971- Keynesian approach • Mid-1971- “Freeze” approach • 90 day wage and price freeze • 1973- voluntary restraints • Inflation up 9%, 12% in 1974 • OPEC • Law and Order • Used full gov’t resources to restrain militants • Huston Plan 1970 • Against anti-war movement • Wire-tapping • “The plumbers”

23. Election 1972 • Southern Strategy • Court whites upset with racial equality • Opposed extension of Voting Rights Act • Hindered Fair Housing Act • Slow desegregation • Supreme court nominations • More conservative • Nominated Chief Justice Warren Berger • Shift to the right • Election • Re-election certain • Democrats divided • Wallace shot May 1972 • Democratic Nominee • George McGovern • CREEP • Results • Nixon Wins • Less people vote • Watergate, June 1972 • Arrest of individuals caught wire-tapping Democratic party center • Paid $400,000 to quiet before election • “Deep Throat” • Bob Woodward/ Carl Bernstein • Feb. 1973 • Senate investigation • No solid proof of ordering activities • Guilty of trying to cover it up • Firings/resignations • televised • Disgrace • VP Agnew charged with tax evasion Oct. 1973 • House minority leader Gerald R. Ford becomes VP • March ’74 • Nixon tapes subpoenaed • July unedited tapes appear • Indicted on 3 articles of Impeachment • Aug 9, 1974 1st president to resign

26. Conclusion Public distrust of politicians and disillusionment of government for decades to come