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Cells By Emma Manzi
What is a cell? • A cell is the smallest unit of life. They are the building blocks that make up all living things. Cells have the same needs as any living organism and carry out many of the same activities. They contain smaller parts, called organelles, each with a specialized job.
Cell Functions • Cells in most living things have the same needs for survival as you do. They must take in food and get rid of waste products. All cells need energy. Most cells get energy by cellular respiration, which we’ll learn about next.
Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the taking in of oxygen and food, like sugar, to get energy. In this process, carbon dioxide and water are created. Different cells need different amounts of energy for all the things they do to stay alive.
The History of the Cell • Before the 1600s, nobody knew about cells and what they were. In 1665, Robert Hooke discovered and named the cell. Cells have been know ever since. He made a telescope in that year and observed various things, such as cork, and found small square things in it. It reminded him of jail cells.
Parts of Cells • There are many different parts, or organelles, in animal and plant cells. It’s an amazing package made of a cell membrane. Most of the things your body does is actually what the cells do. You are about to learn about the different parts of a cell.
Animal Cells • Animal cells are one of the two types of cells (the other one being the plant cell). They have a variety of different parts. You are going to learn about them, like I said earlier.
Nucleus • The “boss” of the cell. It contains DNA and chromosomes with genes. It is shaped like a circle. It is also the largest organelle in a cell. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus, which is covered with the nuclear envelope, or membrane.
Cell Membrane • The cell (plasma) membrane surrounds the cell. It lets certain materials to enter the cell, and gets rid of waste products. The picture on the right shows the different parts of the plasma membrane. The membrane is similar to a cell wall found in plant cells, but is considered smoother. You can picture it as rubber.
Cytoplasm * The material in between the nucleus and plasma membrane. It is described to look and feel like Jell-O. Inside the cytoplasm is another structure called the cytosol. Cytosol is a cytoskeleton structure inside the cytoplasm.
Mitochondrion • The powerhouse of the cell. It is a membrane-closed organelle in the cell. Mitochondrion have their own genome, like the nucleus. It supports the cellular respiration (for more info on CR, see slide 4) by creating ATP.
Vacuoles • In animal cells, they break down materials, or waste products that the membrane gets rid of. In plant cells, they would store water and broken down material. What the vacuole looks like is on the right.
Endoplasmic reticulum • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae. Rough endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of proteins and is also a membrane factory for the cell, while smooth endoplasmic reticula are involved in the synthesis of lipids. There are two types of ER, smooth and rough.
Golgi apparatus • The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898. Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion.
Lysosomes • Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. These are non-specific. They can be described as the stomach of the cell. In plant cells, they may store water.
Secretion • Secreted or ejected from a cell by the use of the vesicle. (NOTE: This slide is short.)
Plant Cells • Another type of cell besides the cells of animals we just talked about. They have most of the different parts in the animal cell and some of their own.
Cell Wall • The rough structure the covers and protects the plant cell. It is similar to that of a animal cell’s plasma membrane, but rougher.
Chloroplasts • They help make food and sugar for the plant cell. Chloroplasts also help make the plant cell grow.
Central Vacuole • It stores water and broken down material. This part is not included in animal cells, even though they have some little ones.
How do cells’ shapes help them do their job? • The shapes of cells help them do their job because if they were shaped differently, they wouldn’t do their job properly. Some examples: • Red blood cells-to move through blood vessels • Nerve cells-to send messages
Conclusion • So, you just learned about cells. You have learned about the different parts, their shape, and what they do to help us. Cells are the smallest units of life. We discovered who named the cell and all about it.
Bibliography • www.google.com/cellimages • A Typical Animal Cell| www.wisc-online.com • www.cellsalive.com
