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Consumer Health

Consumer Health. Introduction and Consumer Health Issues Dr. Ebtisam Fetohy CHS 488-lecture 4. Health professional-patient relations Individuals’ exposure to, search for, and use of health information Individuals’ adherence to clinical recommendations

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Consumer Health

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  1. Consumer Health Introduction and Consumer Health Issues Dr. Ebtisam Fetohy CHS 488-lecture 4

  2. Health professional-patient relations Individuals’ exposure to, search for, and use of health information Individuals’ adherence to clinical recommendations Construction of public health messages & campaigns Dissemination of individual & population health risk information Images of health in the mass media and the culture at large Education of consumers about how to gain access to health care systems Develop telehealth applicationsتطبيقات Healthy People 2010-2020Health Communication

  3. Accuracy Availabilityتوفر Balance Consistency Cultural competence Evidence base Reach Reliability Repetition Timeliness Understandability Healthy People 2010-2020Effective Health Communication

  4. Healthy People in Healthy Communities • Educate and empower individuals and families to adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles • Educate consumers to make informed health and health care decisions, and • Build community capacity to improve health.

  5. Issues • Misleading Information • Quackeryالدجل and Health Fraudاحتيال • Problems with Products • Problems with Services • Problems with Costs • The Need for Consumer Protection • Intelligent Consumer Behavior

  6. Consumer health encompassesتشمل-تحيط all aspects of the marketplace related to the purchase of: • Health products and • Services.

  7. Although health care in America is potentially the world's best, many problems exist: • Health information is voluminous and complex. • Many practitioners fall short يخفقون of the ideal, and • some are completely unqualified. Quackery الدجل is widespread. • The marketplace is overcrowded with products, many of which are questionable. • Rising costs and lack of adequate insurance coverage have reached crisis levels. • Consumer protection is limited.

  8. Only well-informed individuals can master the complexity of the health marketplace. Intelligent consumers: • Maintain a healthy lifestyle, • Seek reliable sources of information and care, and • Avoid products and practices that lack scientific substantiation إثبات.

  9. Issue1Misleading Information • High volume and complex • Media influence • Radio & TV • Magazines & newspapers • Functions • Entertain, تسل • Inform, • Carry advertisements and • Make money

  10. News, commentary تعليق& talk showsبرامج الحوار Issues and Trends • The environment for communicating about health has changed significantly. These changes include: • Dramatic increases in the number of communication channels and the number of health issues vyingمنافس for public attention as well as.

  11. Consumer demands for more and better quality health information, and • The increased sophisticationتطور of marketing and sales techniques, such as: • Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs and • Sales of medical devices and medications over the Internet

  12. The expansion of communication channels and health issues on the public agenda increases competition for: • People’s time and • Attention; at the same time, • People have more opportunities to select information based on their personal interests and preferences.

  13. The trend toward commercialization of the Internet suggests that the marketing model of other mass media will be applied to emerging media, which has important consequences for the ability of: • Noncommercial and • Public health-oriented health communications to stand out in a cluttered health information environment.

  14. Issue 2Quackery and Health Fraud • Definitions • Quackeryالدجل: Promotion of a false or unproven method for profit • Fraudالاحتيالinvolves deceit.خداع • How it is done • Slogansشعارات & buzzwordsالكلمات المشهورة • Make people feel their in controlمسيطرنهم • Characteristics of Victims

  15. Issue 3Problems with Products • Supplements • Herbs • Mail Order products • Devices, audio& video tapes • Exercise equipment

  16. Issue 4Problems with Services • Clinical care • Overprescribe • Unnecessary surgery • Work to fast • Nutritionists& weight loss counselors • “Alternative” practitioners • Health facility services

  17. Issue 5Problems with Costs (individual) • Cost of health care • Waste • Controlling Costs • Insurance • Prevention vs. Health Care • Effectiveness

  18. Evaluating Health Education Programs - 2 Year ResultsHypothesized RelationshipsKoreen Johannessen CLSW, U of Arizona. Presentations in Classes Awareness Weeks, Health Fairsمعارض Classes in Halls, etc. Stakeholders (Pres., VPs, Deans, Directors) Media Attitudes & Perceptions Knowledge Behaviors Policies Possible Relationships

  19. Evaluating Health Education Programs - 2 Year ResultsEffect Size RelationshipsKoreen Johannessen CLSW, U of Arizona. Presentations in Classes Awareness Weeks, Health Fairs Classes in Halls, etc. Stakeholders (Pres., VPs, Deans, Directors) Media Attitudes & Perceptions Knowledge Behaviors Policies Weak Relationships Strong Relationships - U of A and Social Norms by Haines 5 Yr

  20. Issue 6Problems with Costs (health care)

  21. Issue 7Need for Consumer Protection • Let the buyer beware • Protective Forces: • Federal, state • Accreditationالاعتماد-التفويض • Insurance • Hospitals • Professional organizations

  22. Issue 7Intelligent Consumer Behavior • Seek reliable sources of information • Maintain a healthy lifestyle • Select practitioners with care • Assess own health • Active health & illness management • Use scientifically substantiated مثبتhealth products and services • Understand costs of health and illness • Report fraudالاحتيال

  23. Summary • All aspects of the marketplace • Health information • The well-informed consumer Thank you

  24. Separating Fact from Fictionالخيال Lecture 5 By Dr. Ebtisam Fetohy

  25. Issues • Misleading Information • Quackery الدجل and Health Fraudالاحتيال • Problems with Products • Problems with Services • Problems with Costs • The Need for Consumer Protection • Intelligent Consumer Behavior

  26. Issue1Misleading Information • High volume and complex • Media influence • Radio & TV • Magazines & newspapers • Functions • Entertain, • Inform, • Carry advertisements and • Make money

  27. Issue 7Intelligent Consumer Behavior • Seek reliable sources of information • Maintain a healthy lifestyle • Select practitioners with care • Assess own health • Active health & illness management • Use scientifically substantiated health products and services • Understand costs of health and illness • Report fraud الاحتيال

  28. Key Points • How facts are determined • Selecting internet sites • Magazines and periodicalsالنشرات الدورية

  29. Accuracyالدقة Availability Balance Consistencyالاتساق Cultural competenceالقدرة Healthy People 2020Effective Health Communication • Evidence baseقاعدة دليل • Reach • Reliabilityالثقة • Repetition • Timeliness • Understandability

  30. How Facts are Determined • Research Basicsاساسيات • Survey Research • Experimental تجريبي and Observational ملاحظاتي Research • Secondary Research

  31. 1. Research Basics • Types of Studies • Exploratoryاستطلاعي as focus groups • Descriptiveوصفي • Causal سببي • Predictive تنبؤي • The Research Process • Primary vs. Secondary Data

  32. B. Research Process • Define the problem • Deciding on the type of data to collect • Determining through what means وسائلthe data will be obtained • Planning for the collection of data (selection of a sample) • Collecting and analyzing the data • Drawing conclusions and reporting the findings

  33. C. Primary vs. Secondary Data • Primary data are those generated by the researcher • Secondary data are those generated by someone else for some other purpose.

  34. 2.Survey Research Types of Surveys • Mail or internet– usually accompanied by a cover letter and postage-paid envelope. Letter should be, brief, readable, explain who is doing the study. Should contain information on how information will be kept confidential and informed consent process. • Personal Interview – personal getting information in a “purposeful conversation.” This is an expensive process compared to mail or internet surveys. • Telephone interview – good for getting information about what a person is doing at the time of the call. Like product using or food eating.

  35. 2. Survey Research/2 B. Questionnaire استفتاءDesign– 3 types: • Multiple choice, • Dichotomous (2 choices) with sometime “don’t know” or no opinion), • Open ended where respondent can expand on the subject of the question • The Sampling Process • Errors in Survey Research

  36. 3. Experimental and Observational Research • Experimentation • Identify cause and effect relationships • Internal validityالصلاحية • External validity • Observational Research • Experimental Research ('true scientific research') is that which tests causal relationships by observing the behavior of the subject under conditions where some variables are controlled and others manipulated.

  37. Experimental Research ('true scientific research') • The classic format for an experiment is, according to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (1994): Random Assignment to groups: • Experimental Group » Pre-test » Experimental Treatment »Post-test • Control Group » Pre-test » » » Post-test • By definition, experimental research is always quantitative.

  38. Internal Validity • Is the approximateتقريبي truth about inferencesالاستدلالات regarding cause-effect or causal relationships. • Thus, internal validity is only relevant in studies that try to establish a causal relationship. • It's not relevant in most observational or descriptive studies, for instanceعلى سبيل المثال . • But for studies that assess the effects of social programs or interventions, as Health Education, internal validity is perhaps the primary consideration

  39. External Validity • The extent to which research results may be generalized to other populations and settings. E.g.: would reduction in smoking from 54% to 42% in Norway from 1974 to 1984 results of a tobacco ad ban be similar in the US or Britain as those found in Norway • Observationalresearch – relies on watching or listening, then counting or measuring. There are no respondentsمستجيبون

  40. 4.Secondary Research (Data) • Internal Sources • External Sources • Evaluating Secondary Data

  41. Healthy People 2020Objective 11-4 (Developmental) • Increase the proportion of health-related Web sites that disclose تكشفinformation that can be used to assess the quality of the site. • Developers المطورون& sponsorsضامنون • Purpose of site • Original sources of content • Privacy & confidentiality of personal information collected • How content is updated • How site is evaluated

  42. Rating Media:accurateدقيق , appropriate, reliable, potent فعال (AARP) • Where the information comes from • Whether the information checks out • How old the information is • Whether the information soundsتبدو "too good to be true." • Whether the site is telling you to do something.

  43. Authority Complementarityتكميلية Confidentiality Attribution التنسيب Justifiable Rating MediaHealth on the Net (HON code) • Honesty in advertising policy • Authorship التأليف

  44. Rating MediaQuality Information Checklist • Is it clear who has written the information? • Are the aims of the site clear? • Does the site achieve its aims? • Is the site relevant to me? • Can the information be checked? • When was the site produced? • Is the information biased in any way? • Does the site tell you about choices open to you?

  45. Rating MediaScience Panel هيئة المستشارين on Interactive Communication and Health • Background of Sponsors • Purpose • Content • Confidentiality • Design • Evaluation Results & Effectiveness

  46. Rating MediaTufts University Nutrition Navigator I. Content • Nutrition Accuracy (1-10) • Depth of Nutrition information (1-7) • Site last updated (1-3) II. Usability • User experience (1-5)

  47. I. Content: • Nutrition Accuracy (1-10) has two parts: a. Evaluates the scientific accuracy of empirical تجريبية data, how well the information is referenced and if the information is current (1-5) b. Assesses how information is placed in the context of generally accepted dietary advice, looking closely at any conclusions the site may draw and any guidance it may provide. • Also evaluates how well the site provides a balanced coverage of nutrition issues, particularly those that are complex and multifaceted.متعددة الأوجه (1-5)

  48. I. Content:/2 Because accuracy is so important: • If a site receives an accuracy score of 6 points or less, the site is automatically rated "Not Recommended" • If the site receives an accuracy score of 7, it cannot receive an overall rating higher than "Average" • Depth of Nutrition information (1-7):evaluates the depth (amount) of nutrition information provided relative to entire site content, and how well the site's objectives are met 3.Site last updated (1-3):rates whether the site has been updated within past month (3), within past 4 months (2) or longer than 4 months or no information is given on updates (1)

  49. II. Usability User experience (1-5): assesses the site's use of: • Effective and clear navigation tools, • Accessibility وصولof information, • Download time and timeliness of information

  50. Popular Magazines and Health& Nutrition Periodicals • AmericanCouncilالمجلسonScienceandHealth • Provision of factualواقعية information • Objective presentation of information • Presentation of sound صحيحةnutritional recommendations • Excellent • Cooking Light • Parents • Ladies’ Home Journal

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