Environmental Challenges in a Global Perspective

Department of Political Science Environmental Challenges in a Global Perspective Kirsten Worm, M.A., Ph.D Associate Professor Department of Political Science University of CopenhagenDenmark

Department of Political Science The evolution of the a global regime on environment – the S-R-J regime • Global UN Conferences on Environment 1972 • Stockholm 1972 • UNCHE (Human Environment) • Rio 1992 • UNCED (Environment and Development) • Johannesburg 2002 WSSD (World Summit on Sustainable Development)

Department of Political Science Global UN Conferences on Environment Stockholm1972 Rio1992 Johannesburg2002

Department of Political Science Issues addressed at the Stockholm conferences • Action Plan focusing on specific issues, such as: • Pollution of the sea and air; desertification; proliferation of nuclear arms and radioative waste etc. • 0.7 % GNP donated for development aid • UNEP established United Nations Environmental Programme

Department of Political Science Issues addressed at Rio conference • The Climate Convention United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • The Biodiversity Convention Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) • The Forest Principles Sustainable Forest Mangement (SFM) • Action Plan: Agenda 21: 40 issues the require a global commitment from the countries of the world

Department of Political Science Issues addressed atthe Johannesburg conference • Plan of Implementation • Monitoring, compliance • Partnership between public and private sector

Department of Political Science Outside challenges to theS-J-RRegime Oil crises S 1972 NIEO Brundtland Report 1987 R 1992 Millennium Goals 2000 Sept 11th 2001 J2002 Financial crisis 2009

Department of Political Science Impact of external challenges on the S-J-R Regime • The North- South Dialogue shaped by the demands for a New International Economic Order • New and Additional Resources • Technology Transfer • World Market Access • Require reconciliation of environment and development

Department of Political Science Sustainable Development • Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. • (The Brundtland Report, 1987)

Department of Political Science Impact on the S-J-R Regime • Sustainable Developmentas a goal • A common global vision • Boosting invovement of civil society, local communities etc. • The reconciliation of environment and development • Too broad and undefined • Inspires to free riding • Business as ususal

Department of Political Science Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Ensure Environmental sustainability Develop a Global Partnership for development The Millennium Goals - 2000

Department of Political Science Impact on the S-J-R Regime • The Millennium Goals • Reconciliation of environment and • poverty alleviation

Department of Political Science Environmental Policies in the Nordic Countries • Ministries of Environments • Established at the time of the Stockholm Conference (In Denmark in 1971) • To-day a clean environment is anintegral part of the Nordic Welfare State • Challenges has been • Abatement strategies developed from pollution control to prevention of pollution • Improving dialogue with industries • Improving dialogue with civil society • Harmonising environmental policy with theEU common environmental policy

Department of Political Science EU Membership

Department of Political Science Environmetal policy in the EU • 4 stages – each with its own challenge • First stage: 1957 – 1972: • Incidental meaures • Challenge: • Environmental policy is NOT a common EU policy but an issue of the Member States • The principle of sovereignty

Department of Political Science Environmetal policy in the EU • Second stage: 1973- 1985: The ’responsive’ Period • Environmental Action Plans (EAPs) • Elaborated after the Stockholm Conference • Major principles • Emphasis on preventive action • The polluter pays • Challenge: • The chemical exploision in Seveso in 1976 • The Seveso driective adopted in 1982

Department of Political Science Environmetal policy in the EU • Third stage: 1985 – 1992: The ’Initiative’ Phase • Environmental Policy becomes a Common European Policy • The EU has the right to draft regulations • Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)1986 • Challenges: • Environmental policy must be an integral part of the European Single market i.e • Environmental regulation should not be a hidden trade barrier

Department of Political Science Environmetal policy in the EU • Fourth stage: 1992 –: Implementation • Challenges: • Implementation deficit? • It is still Member states that implement and monitor progress • 12 new Member States from Central and Eastern Europe with lower environmental standards

Department of Political Science Climate Change – the common challenge • A Climate Convention • Aimed at stabilisin the emissions of Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs) to the atmosphere (UNFCCC - 1992) • A Kyoto Protocol • Aimed at reducing 6 GHGs2008-2012 • Annex I: Industrialised Countries 2008-12 • Annex II: Later • Marrakesh Accord • on monitoring and compliance 2001 • A Post-Kyoto Agreement after 2012 • What, who and when?

Department of Political Science COP 15

Department of Political Science BASIC Countries accede to Copenhagen Accord • India, China, Brazil and South Africa • support the Copenhagen Accord • Which must feed into a legally binding agreement • Have communicated voluntary emissions • reductions targets

Department of Political Science Milestones in the climate Agenda

Department of Political Science The Climate Agenda • Imbedded in in S-R-J Regime • Sustainable Development the shared goal • The North South Dialogue • Common but Differential Responsibility • The most complex of all environmental agendas • Comprising multiple sectors • The climate lobby is complex • A fundamental challenge • Not only reduction of substances emitted to the air • But a change of patterns of produktion and comsumption

Department of Political Science The Tragedy of the Commons • Theory of International Relations • developed by Garrett Harin in 1968 • The atmosphere is a common resource • To which no one can claim ownership • The cost of implementation is high • Therefore incentives to free riding are high

Department of Political Science What will move the Climate Agenda forward after COP 15? • The S-R-J Regime? • The institutions related to the Climate Convention? • A new Agenda- Energy security? • Growing public concern? • Growing interest for clean technology in the industry? • Growing interest for clean technology mong investors? • Grass root movements? • Climate Disasters?

Environmental Challenges in a Global Perspective

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