UNITS 8 & 9 : REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

1. UNITS 8 & 9: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

2. SELECTED THEORIES & CONCEPTS IN HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

3. Theories of Settlement Systems 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller) Assumptions (Similar to those of Von Thünen): • Flat surface without boundaries • Uniform transport surface (ease of movement) • Uniform distribution of rural popn with the same behaviour and purchasing power REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

4. Theories of Settlement Systems 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller) Some Key Concepts: • Central Place: urban centre that provides a set of functions (goods/services) to its residents and residents of lower-level settlements • Range: max. Distance people will travel to access a function REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

5. Theories of Settlement Systems 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller) Some Key Concepts: • Threshold: min. # of people required to support a function • Spatial Competition: competition b/n central places REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

6. Theories of Settlement Systems 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller) Some Key Concepts: • Hierarchy of Settlements: 7 levels of settlements; a few high-order settlements and many low-order settlements The Hexagonal Depiction • To completely cover a market area without any overlaps, the hexagon is the ideal shape. REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

7. Theories of Settlement Systems • 1. Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller) REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

8. Theories of Settlement Systems 2. The Rank-Size Rule • Relation b/n rank size of a centre and its population represented as: • Pr = population of centre r; • P1 = population of largest centre; • R = rank size of centre r REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

9. Theories of Settlement Systems 2. The Rank-Size Rule • Population of a centre is inversely proportional to the rank size of that centre. • The largest centre is called the primate city if • Note: P2 = population of 2nd largest centre REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

10. Concepts of Urban Settlements What is an Urban Settlement? • Three broad elements of an urban settlement: • Social Character: lifestyle, behaviour, etc • Economic Element: occupation • Ecological Element: population REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

11. Concepts of Urban Settlements Classification of Urban Settlements 1. Town 2. City 3. Millionaire City 4. Megacity 5. Metropolis 6. Metropolitan Area 7. Conurbation 8. Megalopolis 9. Ecumenopolis REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

12. Theories and Concepts Relating to Urban Land Different Disciplinary Conceptions of Land Lawyers: • Legal rights governing ownership, use & alienation of land. Urban Economists: • A commodity ... regulated by the market REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

13. Theories and Concepts Relating to Urban Land Different Disciplinary Conceptions of Land Urban Planners: • A public good regulated by planning to achieve: economy, convenience, safety, aesthetic, harmony, etc REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

14. Theories and Concepts Relating to Urban Land Different Disciplinary Conceptions of Land Urban Sociologists: • They view land in 2 ways: • Urban Ecology (physical structure) and • Urban Social Structure REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

15. Some Urban Land Use Concepts Invasion and Succession • One land use or people displace another Land Use Segregation • Partitioning urban land into specified and discreet land uses REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

16. Theories Explaining the Internal Structure of Cities 1. Concentric Zone Model (a.k.a. Burgess Model) REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

17. Theories Explaining the Internal Structure of Cities 2. The Sector Model (a.k.a. the Hoyt Model) REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

18. Theories Explaining the Internal Structure of Cities 3. Multiple Nuclei Model (a.k.a. Harris-Ullman Model) REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

19. SELECTED THEORIES & CONCEPTS IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

20. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Linkages, Leakages & Multipliers 1. Linkages: • Production linkages b/n firms: • Backward linkages: • Inputs  suppliers • Forward linkages: • Outputs  customers REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

21. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Linkages, Leakages & Multipliers 2. Multiplier Effects: • How an injection into one sector multiplies through the rest of the economy • Through input-output relationships (internal linkages) REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

22. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Linkages, Leakages & Multipliers 3. Leakages: • Loss of wealth to the ‘outside’ world • Imports, profit repatriation, capital re-location, external outsourcing, etc REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

23. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Agglomeration and Localization Economies • What are Agglomeration Economies? • What are Localization Economies? REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

24. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Economic Base Theory • Economy consists of: • Basic Sectors and • Non-Basic Sectors • What are Basic Sectors? • What are Non-Basic Sectors? • Strategies for regional econ. devt to focus on basic sectors. Why? REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES

25. Theories and Concepts Relating to Regional Development Growth Pole Theory (by François Peroux) • Argues for focusing investments on a sector or set of sectors • Growth Pole = can the focal sector(s) or location where the focal sectors are concentrated • Assumption: multiplier (trickle-down) effects on the regional economy REGIONAL DEVT & HUMAN SETTLEMENT THEORIES