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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Passive Remote Sensing Introduction to Remote Sensing Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng-Kung University Last updated: 16 December 2004. Introduction. O ptical range  0.3 m m~14 m m Landsat series SPOT series

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Passive Remote Sensing Introduction to Remote Sensing Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng-Kung University Last updated: 16 December 2004

  2. Introduction • Optical range  0.3 m m~14 m m • Landsat series • SPOT series • High spatial resolution • High spectral resolution

  3. Landsat satellite program overview • Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) 1967 • ERTS-1, 1972~1978 • Nimbus weather satellite  modified • Experimental system  test feasibility • Open skies principle • Landsat-2, 1975 (ERTS-2)

  4. Landsat satellite program overview (cont.) • Table 6.1: Characteristics of Landsat 1~6 • Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) camera systems • Multispectral Scanner system (MSS) • Thematic Mapper (TM) • Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) • Table 6.2: Sensors used on Landsat 1~6 missions

  5. Orbit characteristic of Landsat-1, -2, and –3 • Fig 6.1: Landsat –1, -2, and –3 observatory configuration • 3m x 1.5m, 4m width of solar panels, 815 kg, 900 km • Inclination = 90 • To= 103 min/orbit • Fig 6.2: Typical Landsat-1, -2 and –3 daily orbit pattern • Successive orbits are about 2760km • Swath: 185km • Orbital procession  18 days for coverage repetition 20 times of global coverage per year

  6. Orbit characteristic of Landsat-1, -2, and –3 (cont.) • Sun-synchronous orbit • 9:42 am  early morning skies are generally clearer than later in the day • Pros: repeatable sun illumination conditions on the same day in every year • Cons: variable sun illumination conditions with different locations and seasons  variations in atmospheric conditions

  7. Sensors onboard Landsat-1, -2 and –3 • 3-Channel RBV • 185km x 185 km • Ground resolution: 80m • Spectral bands: 1: 0.475 mm~0.575 mm (green) 2:0.580 mm~0.680 mm (red) 3: 0.690 mm~0.830 mm (NIR) • Expose  photosensitive surface  scan  video signal • Pros: • Greater cartographic fidelity • Reseau grid  geometric correction in the recording process

  8. Sensors onboard Landsat-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • 3-Channel RBV (cont.) • Landsat-1: malfunction  only 1690 scenes • Landsat-2  only for engineering evaluation  only occasionally RBV imagery was obtained. • Landsat-3 • Single broad band (0.505~0.75 u mm) • 2.6 times of resolution improved: 30m  double f • Two-camera side-by-side configuration with side-lap and end-lap. (Fig 6.5) • Fig 6.6: Landsat-3 RBV image

  9. Sensors onboard Landsat-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • 4 Channel MSS • 185km x 185km • Ground resolution: 79m • Spectral band: • Band 4: 0.5 mm ~ 0.6 mm (green) • Band 5: 0.6 mm ~ 0.7 mm (red) • Band 6: 0.7 mm ~ 0.8 mm (NIR) • Band 7: 0.8 mm ~ 0.9 mm (NIR) • Band 8: 10.4~12.6 um  Landsat-3, failed • Band 4~7  band 1~4 in Landsat-4, -5 • Fig 6.7: Comparison of spectral bands

  10. Sensors onboard Landsat-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • 4 Channel MSS (cont.) • Fig 6.8: Landsat MSS operating configuration • Small TFOV  use an oscillating scan mirror • A-to-D converter (6 bits) • Pixel width: 56m x 79m set by the pixel sampling rate (Fig 6.9) • Each Landsat MSS scene  185km x 185km • 2340 scan lines, 3240 pixels per line, 4 bands • Enormous data • Fig 6.10: Full-frame, band 5, Landsat MSS scene • Parallelogram  earth’s rotation • 15 steps • Tick marks  Lat. Long. • Annotation block • Color composite: band 4 (b), band 5 (g), band 7(r)(Fig 6.7)

  11. Sensors onboard Landsat-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • Data distribution • Experiment  transitional  operational • NASA NOAA NASA USGS EOSAT USGS Landsat-1,-2,-3 Landsat-4,-5,-6 Landsat-7 Department of Interior Department of Commerce Department of Defense • Data receiving station • Data reprocessing • Data catalogue

  12. Orbit characteristics of Landsat-4 and -5 • Fig 6.20: Sun-synchronous orbit of Landsat-4 and –5 • Altitude: 900  705km • Retrievable by the space shuttle • Ground resolutions • Inclination 98.20 T=99min  14.5 orbit/day • 9:45 am • Fig 6.21: adjacent orbit space = 2752km • 16-day repeat cycle • 8-day phase between Landsat-4 and –5 (Fig 6.22)

  13. Sensors onboard Landsat-4 and -5 • Fig 6.23: Landsat-4 and –5 observatory configuration • MSS, TM • 2000 kg, 1.5x2.3m solar panels x 4 on one side • High gain antenna  Tracking and Data Relay Satellite system (TDRSS) • Direct transmission  X-band and S-band • MSS: 15 Mbps • TM: 85 Mbps

  14. Sensors onboard Landsat-4 and –5 (cont.) • MSS • Same as previous except for larger TFOV for keeping the same ground resolution (79m  82m) • Renumber bands • TM • 7 bands (Table 6.3) • DN: 6  8 bits • Ground resolution: 30m (thermal band: 120m) • Geometric correction  Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) cartographic projection

  15. Sensors onboard Landsat-4 and –5 (cont.) • TM (cont.) • Bi-directional scan  the rate of oscillation of mirror dwelling time  geometric integrity signal-to-noise • Detector: • MSS: 6x4=24 • TM: 16x6+4x1=100 • Fig 6.14: Thematic Mapper optical path and projection of IFOV on earth surface • Fig 6.15: Schematic of TM scan line correction process

  16. Landsat-6 planned mission • A failed mission • Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) • TM+ panchromatic band (0.5~0.9 mm) with 15m resolution  pan sharpening • Monolithic detector design  coregister • Set 9-bit A-to-D converter to a high or low gain 8-bit setting from the ground. • Low reflectance  water  high gain • Bright region  deserts  low gain

  17. Landsat-7 • Launch: 1999 • Web site: http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov • Landsat 7 handbook • Landsat 7 in orbit • Depiction of Landsat 7

  18. Landsat-7 (cont.) • Landsat 7 Orbit • Orbital paths • Swath • Swath pattern • Landsat data • http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/main/data.html

  19. Landsat-7 (cont.) • Payload • Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) • Dual mode solar calibrator • Data transmission • TDRSS or stored on board. • GPS  subsequent geometric processing of the data • High Resolution Multi-spectral Stereo Imager (HRMSI) • 5m panchromatic band • 10m ETM bands 1~4 • Pointable  revisit time (<3 days) Stereo imaging. • 00~380 cross-track and 00~300 along-track

  20. Landsat-7 (cont.) • Application • Monitoring Temperate Forests • Mapping Volcanic Surface Deposits • Three Dimensional Land Surface Simulations

  21. Landsat TM Image interpretation • Pros: • Spectral and radiometric resolution • Ground resolution • Fig 6.26: MSS vs TM • Fig 6.27: All seven TM bands for a summertime image of an urban fringe area • Lake, river, ponds: b1,2 > b3 > b4=b5=b7=0 • Road urban streets: b4  min • Agricultural crops: b4  max • Golf courses

  22. Landsat TM Image interpretation (cont.) • Fig 6.27 (cont.) • Glacial ice movement: upper right  lower left • Drumlins, scoured bedrock hills • Band 7  resample from 120m to 30m • Plate 12 + Table 6.5: TM band color combinations • (a): normal color  mapping of water sediment patterns • (b): color infrared  mapping urban features and vegetation types • (c)(d): false color

  23. Landsat TM Image interpretation (cont.) • Fig 6.28: Landsat TM band 6 (thermal infrared) image • Correlation with field observations  6 gray levels  6T • Plate 13: color-composite Landsat TM image • Extremely hot  blackbody radiation  thermal infrared • TM bands 3, 4 and 7

  24. Landsat TM Image interpretation (cont.) • Fig 6.29: Landsat TM band 5 (mid-infrared) image • Timber clear-cutting • Fig 6.30: Landsat TM band 3, 4 and 5 composite • Extensive deforestation. • Fig 6.31: Landsat TM band 4 image map • 13 individual TM scenes + mosaic

  25. SPOT Satellite Program • Background • French+Sweden+Belgium • 1978 • Commercially oriented program • SPOT-1 • French Guiana, Ariane Rocket • 1986 • Linear array sensor+pushbroom scanning+pointable • Full-scene stereoscopic imaging

  26. SPOT Satellite Program (cont.) • SPOT-2 • 1990 • SPOT-3 • 1993

  27. Orbit characteristics of SPOT-1, -2 and -3 • Orbit • Circular, near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit • Altitude: 832km • Inclination: 98.70 • Descend across the equator at 10:30AM • Repeat: 26 days • Fig 6.21: SPOT revisit pattern at latitude 450 and 00 • At equator: 7 viewing opportunities exist • At 450: 11 viewing opportunities exist

  28. Sensors onboard SPOT-1, -2 and -3 • Configuration (Fig 6.34) • 223.5m, 1750 kg, solar panel: 15.6m • Modular design • High Resolution Visible (HRV) imaging system • 2-mode • 10m-resolution panchromatic mode (0.51~0.73mm) • 20m-resolution color-infrared mode. (0.5~0.59mm, 0.61~0.68mm, 0.79~0.89mm)

  29. Sensors onboard SPOT-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • HRV (cont.) • Pushbroom scanning • No moving part (mirror)  lifespan • Dwell time  • Geometric error  • 4-CCD subarray • 6000-element subarray  panchromatic mode, 10m • Three 3000-element subarrays  multi-spectral mode, 20m • 8-bit, 25 Mbps • Twin-HRV instruments • IFOV (for each instrument)  4.130 • Swath: 60km  2 - 3km = 117km (Fig 3.36) • TFOV (for each instrument)  270=0.6045 (Fig 3.35)

  30. Sensors onboard SPOT-1, -2 and –3 (cont.) • HRV (cont.) • Data streams • Although 2-mode can be operated simultaneously, only one mode data can be transmitted  limitation of data stream • Stereoscopic imaging • Off-nadir viewing capability (Fig 6.37) • Frequency  revisit schedule (Fig 6.33) • Base-height ratio  latitude • 0.75 at equator, 0.5 at 450 • Control • Ground control station  Toulouse, France  observation sequence • Receiving station  Tordouse or Kiruna, Sweden • Tape recorded onboard • Transmitted within 2600km-radius around the station

  31. SPOT HRV image interpretation • Fig 6.38: SPOT-1 panchromatic image • 10m-resolution • Cf: Landsat MSS 80m • Cf: Landsat TM 30m (Fig 6.26) • Cf: Landsat ETM 15m (Fig 6.32) • Fig 6.39: SPOT-1 panchromatic image • Plate14: merge of multispectral & panchromatic data • Fig 6.40: SPOT-1 panchromatic image stereopair • Plate 15: Perspective view of Alps • SPOT stereopair + parallax calculation • Plate 23 • Fig 6.41: before and after the earthquake

  32. SPOT –4 and –5 • SPOT –4 • Launched 1998 • Vegetation Monitoring Instrument (VMI) • Swath: 2000km daily global coverage • Resolution: 1km • Spectral band: b(0.43~0.47mm), g(0.5~0.59mm), r(0.61~0.68mm), N-IR(0.79~0.89mm), mid-IR(1.58~1.75mm)

  33. SPOT –4 and –5 (cont.) • SPOT – 5 • Launched 2002 • Vegetation Monitoring Instrument (VMI) • Swath: 2000km daily global coverage • Resolution: 1km • Spectral band: b(0.43~0.47mm), g(0.5~0.59mm), r(0.61~0.68mm), N-IR(0.79~0.89mm), mid-IR(1.58~1.75mm)

  34. Earth Observing System • Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) • Aims: providing the observations, understanding, and modeling capabilities needed assess the impacts of natural events and human-induced activities on the earth’s environment • Data and information system: acquire, archive and distribute the data and information collected about the earth • Further international understanding of the earth as a system

  35. Earth Observing System (cont.) • EOS (Table 6.19) • ASTER • CERES • MISR • MODIS • MOPITT • MODIS (Table 6.20) • Table 6.20 • Terra: 2000 • Aqua: 2002 • ASTER (Table 6.21)

  36. Hign-resolution satellite system • CORONA • 1960 – 1972, declassified in 1995 • KH-1 ~ KH-4B ~ KH-5 • Camera + film • Band and resolution • Web site: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov • Impacts

  37. Hign-resolution satellite system (cont.) • IKONOS • 1999 by Space imaging • Bands and resolution • 1m-resolution • 0.45 – 0.90 mm • 4m-resolution • 0.45 – 0.52 mm • 0.52 – 0.60 mm • 0.63 – 0.69 mm • 0.76 – 0.90 mm • Orbit: sun-synchronous • Repeat coverage: 1.5 (1m) ~ 3 (4m) days

  38. Hign-resolution satellite system (cont.) • OrbView–3 and –4 • http://www.orbimage.com • OrbView-2: SeaWiFS • Will be launched soon! • Similar bands and resolution as IKONOS • OrbView–4 • 200 spectral channels in the range 0.45 – 2.5 m m at 8m resolution

  39. Hign-resolution satellite system (cont.) • QuickBird • 2001 by EarthWatch Inc. • Bands and resolution • 61cm-resolution • 0.45 – 0.89 mm • 2.44m-resolution • 0.45 – 0.52 mm • 0.52 – 0.60 mm • 0.63 – 0.69 mm • 0.76 – 0.89 mm

  40. Hyperspectral satellite system (cont.) • Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) • NASA + USGS • 21 November 2000 • One-year technology validation/demonstration mission • Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) • Hyperion • ALI

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