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temperature

temperature. Maintaining body temperature how does the body do this. Heat production Basal metabolic rate Voluntary movement Shivering Heat loss Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation – includes diaphoresis. Maintaining body temperature. Heat production Basal metabolic rate

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temperature

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  1. temperature

  2. Maintaining body temperature how does the body do this • Heat production • Basal metabolic rate • Voluntary movement • Shivering • Heat loss • Radiation • Conduction • Convection • Evaporation – includes diaphoresis

  3. Maintaining body temperature • Heat production • Basal metabolic rate • Voluntary movement • Shivering • Heat loss • Radiation • Conduction • Convection • Evaporation – includes diaphoresis • Water loss via respiration.

  4. Body temperature • Core temperature is the temperature of the internal environment of the body. • This temperature is relatively constant. • It is regulated by the hypothalamus – (Gk – hypo – below, thalamos – chamber.) The hypothalamus activates, controls and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, endocrine processes, and many somatic functions like temperature, sleep and appetite.

  5. Location of hypothalamus www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hypopit/anatomy.html

  6. Body temperature • Core temperature is the temperature of the internal environment of the body • This temperature is relatively constant. • It is regulated by the hypothalamus • The surface temperature is the temperature at the surface of the body • The environmental temperature and blood circulation has a greater impact on this temperature • The range of temperature is greater

  7. Body temperature regulation • Sensory receptors – primarily the skin. • Hypothalamus – controls core temp. • Effector system – • - prevents heat loss by – • Shivering • Peripheral constriction • Release of epinephrine – increases BMR. - Promotes heat loss by – • Sweating • Peripheral vasodilation

  8. Factors affecting body temperature • Age – very young, elderly • Exercise • Hormonal level – ovulation • Circadian rhythm – higher in the late afternoon, early evening • Stress • Environment • Alteration in body function – infection, dehydration

  9. Terms related to body temperature • Normothermia – 36.1 – 37.2 • Afebrile • Fever • Febrile • Pyrexia • Hyperthermia • Rigor • hypothermia

  10. Patterns of fever • Sustained a constant body temperature continuously above 38 that demonstrates little fluctuation • Intermittent fever spikes interspersed with usual temperature levels. Temperature returns to acceptable levels at least once in 24 hours. • Remittent fever spikes and falls without a return to normal temperature levels • Relapsing periods of febrile episodes interspersed with acceptable temperature values. Febrile episodes and periods of normothermia may be longer than 24 hours

  11. S&S of fever • ONSET • Increased HR • Increased RR • Shivering – why? • Pallor & cold skin – why? • Patient c/o feeling cold • ‘goose bumps’ • Cessation of perspiration • Rise in temperature

  12. S&S of fever • PROGRESSION • Absence of shivering • Skin feels warm to touch – forehead, cheeks. • Increased P & RR • Increased thirst • Mild to severe degydration • Drowsy, restless + / - delirium (if very high) • Anorexia • Malaise, weakness, ‘aches & pains’

  13. S&S of fever • ABATEMENT • Skin flushing, feels hot • Sweating • Decreased shivering • Possible dehydration

  14. Fever • Flushing can occur on the face or over the entire body.

  15. Hyperthermia – 38-41C • Heatstroke • Those at risk • The very young the very old • Cardiovascular disease, hypothyroidism,diabetes or alcoholism • Medications (phenothiazine's, anticholinergic, diuretics, amphetamines and beta –adrenergic receptor antagonist • Those who exercise or work strenuously - athlete, construction workers and farmers

  16. Signs and symptoms • Giddiness, confusion, delirium, excess thirst,nausea, muscle cramps, visual disturbances and even incontinence.

  17. Hyperthermia - heatstroke • Victims of heatstroke do not sweat because of severe electrolyte loss and hypothalamic malfunctions • Heatstroke greater than 40.5 C produces tissue damage to the cells of all body organs. Vital signs may indicate temp greater than 41C , tachycardia, and hypotension. • Temperatures above 41C can cause convulsions and a temperature of 43 C renders life unsustainable. • Heat exhaustion occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss

  18. hypothermia • Body temperature drops and mechanisms to increase heat production are ineffective • Causes • Environmental exposure • Medication ( alter perception , cause heat loss through vasodilatation, inhibit heat generation eg panadol, alcohol) • Metabolic conditions eg hypoglycemia and adrenal insufficiency • Exposure of internal organs during surgery

  19. hypothermia • Core temperature • Mild (33.1-36) • Moderate (30.1 – 33) • Severe (27 -30) • Profound ( less than 27) • To 35- shivering , loss of memory, depression and poor judgment • 34.3 – cardiac dysrythmias , loss of consciousness, unresponsive to pain

  20. hypothermia • Frostbite- when the body is exposed to subnormal temperatures the ice crystals that form inside the cell can result in permanent circulatory and tissue damage. The area is white , waxy and firm to the touch)

  21. Frostbite • Frostbite www.project-himalaya.com nl.savetibet.org

  22. Conditions requiring frequent monitoring • Patient’s condition affects their BMR • Post operatively • Critically ill patients • Patients susceptible to infection • Immuno compromised • Those undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy or steroid therapy • Patient has local or systemic infection • Patients receiving a blood transfusion

  23. Types of thermometers • Tympanic • Electronic • Digital • Disposable (not used in hospitals)

  24. Contraindications/ cautions for oral temperature • Children younger than 5 years • Confused or combative patients • Those that cannot close their mouth fully (injury , surgery) • Unconscious patients or those prone to convulsions • Mouth breathers • Mouth infection • Wait 15 minutes after patient smokes, drinks, eats • Place thermometer in the sublingual pocket • Leave insitu for 2 minutes with lips closed

  25. Digital oral thermometer guardian.co.uk

  26. Contradictions/ cautions for rectal temperature • Don’t use this route if patient has rectal or perineal injuries or surgery • A rectum full of soft faeces may cause an inaccurate reading (lower) • This site is least used (because of its intrusive nature) but it is more accurate than the others though there is lag time with febrile states. • Lubricate and insert (at least 4 cm) gently • Don’t leave patient unattended and ensure that patient doesn’t move • Leave insitu for 2 minutes

  27. Cautions and /contraindications for tympanic temperature • Remove hearing aids • Don’t use the ear that the patient has been lying on • Most commonly used site • Wax buildup may lower temperature • Otitis media may increase temperature • The tip of the thermometer has to fit snugly and point to the tympanic membrane to read accurately

  28. Contraindications and cautions for axilla temperature • Area must be dry and clean • There must be contact with both skin surfaces • The thermometer may have to be helped in position • The least accurate site (surface temperature) • The thermometer must be insitu for 5 minutes

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