Welcome Back!

1. Welcome Back! • Bell ringer… • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students with define the Renaissance and identify differences between the Renaissance and M.A. • Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes) • FRIDAY’S QUIZ: Review “Prelude to the Modern World.” article

2. Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes)

3. (1) Great Famine (1315-1322) From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.

4. (2) Black Death (1348) Boccaccio in The Decameron: The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

5. (3) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453) ENGLAND VS. FRANCE Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles.

6. (4) Church in Decline

7. (5) Fur collar crime • Nobles attack rich and poor to raise money

8. Jacquerie (1358) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation Result: Crushed by nobility English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages) Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550 (6) Peasant Revolts

9. Society Life went on even in the face of calamity. What did 14th c. society look like?

10. Marriage & Family Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20 Children = objects of affection No divorce (annulments in rare cases) Prostitution Legal & regulated Not respected Urban

11. Work Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open post-plague) Women “inferior”  limited opportunities Religion Central to life  lay control over parish affairs Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions Life in the Parish

12. Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers • Migration of peoples to frontier regions • “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood) • Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland • As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent

13. Vernacular Literature • Dante, Divine Commedy(Italy) • Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England) • Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France) • Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France) •  lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t. Dante Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France

14. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE • 14th – 16th Century • (1350-1600)

15. OBJECTIVES • 1. What does the term Renaissance mean? • 2. Why did it begin in Italy? • 3. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics, government, and social organization • 4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks of the Renaissance? • 5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious attitudes? • 6. What developments occurred in the evolution of the Nation-State?

16. First things first • What do you think the term Renaissance means?

17. THEMES • Departure from the Middle Ages • “rebirth” – revival of classical learning, character, and life • Beginning of the Modern Era • Changes in Art, Architecture, Literature, Science, Technology, Politics, Religion • TWO FLAVORS – ITALIAN, NORTHERN

18. The Birth of the Modern World what events mark the birth of the Modern World • the Renaissance • the rise of the nation state • discovery of the New World • widespread use of the printing press • the Reformation • the Scientific Revolution these are the topics we’ll deal with over the next month

19. Vitruvian Man • drawn by Leonardo in 1487 • it has become an iconic symbol • what does it represent?

20. Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer: Define the Renaissance. What are some events that marked the birth of the Modern World? • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and class discussion, students will identify characteristics of the Italian Renaissance, why it started in Italy, and how Florence became the most influence city during the Italian Renaissance.

21. DEFINITION • French “rebirth” • Intellectual and cultural transformation of Europe • Giorgio Visari (1511-1574) – Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painter, Sculptors (1550) – rinascita – Italian “rebirth” • Jacob Burckhardt The Civilization of the Renaissance of Italy (1860) • Italy, France, Spain, Low Countries, central Europe

22. RENAISSANCE • Geographically – Florence “birthplace” Italy • Emphasis on the individual • New World View • Moral and personal gradual shift from religion

23. Italian Renaissance Basics • The Italian Peninsula: location at geographic center of the Mediterranean • allowed for contact with advanced Arab civilization • allowed easy access to & inspiration from classical civilizations (Ancient Greece & Rome) • ideal for trade between Eastern Mediterranean & Western Europe • Renaissance wealth • trade (ex. silk, spices, glass, jewelry) • Politics (oligarchy) • banking (ex. the Medici family) • allowed nobles and merchants to enjoy secular lives: comfortable palaces, grand banquets, patrons of the arts (sculpture, painting, architecture)

24. When did the MIDDLE AGES end and the Renaissance begin?

25. MIDDLE AGES • 500-1500 C.E. • Battle of Hastings (1066), Magna Carta (1215) • Charlemagne (r. 768-814) • Guilds, Universities • The Black Death (1347) • The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) • Middle Ages – Dominated by Agriculture and The Church Dance of Death (1493)

26. THE CHURCH • During the Middle Ages or so-called “Dark Ages” only civilizing agent remained • The Roman Catholic Church • Latin predominant language – literate mostly clergy • Most people saw themselves as part of a larger community • Little “self-awareness” • Largely spiritual

27. WHY ITALY? • Northern Italy – market economy – banking, wool trade • Crusades (1095-?) new wealth and ideas • Enlarged merchant class, literate and with leisure • No single controlling authority in Italy • “Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance” - McKay • Glory of the rich and powerful (CHURCH?) • Patronize the Arts

28. ECONOMIC FACTORS • Geographical position – crossroads of trade • Commercial competition b/w city-states • Venice, Genoa, Milan • Powerful merchants controlled politics • Medici Family • Politically unstable

29. Review! • List two characteristics that defined a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance • List two reasons was Italy became the center of the Renaissance

30. Politics of the Renaissance(Pages 409-412,415)

31. Politics and the Rise of the City States • Competition among city-states meant that Italy did not unify politically • In effect, an early balance-of-power pattern emerged where weaker states would ally with other states to prevent a single state from dominating the peninsula • The political disunity of the Italian city-states led to their downfall in the late-15th and early 16th centuries when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy. • Condottieri: mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes

32. Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer: Review for Quiz! • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the causes for the rise and fall of the Italian city states during the Renaissance.

33. POLITICAL FACTORS • Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities • Republics – power reside with people – popolo– (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?) • *Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies • Signori – one man ruled

34. Rise of the Italian City-States • Northern Italian cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan • Signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy by 1300 • Commenda: Contract between merchant and merchant-adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds • As a result, Italy became more urban: more towns and cities with significant populations than anywhere else in Europe at this

35. FLORENCE • Capital of Tuscany • Republic • Guilds – Goldsmiths, Lawyers, Merchants (wool & silk), Poets • Il Dumo • 100 years dome remained unfinished

36. The City States • Republic of Florence (included Republic of Genoa) • Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries. • Dominated by the Medici family • Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic • Most powerful of the Medici rulers • Lorenzo de’ Medici (the “Magnificent”) (1449- 92): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)

37. THE MEDICI FAMILY • Status and power – not thru warfare, marriage, or inheritance • COMMERCE – Wool Industry, “God’s Banker” – Papal Banking • Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429) – Founder • Cosimo de Medici (r. 1434-1464) – “The Elder” • Lorenzo de Medici ( r. 1469-1492) – “The Magnificent” • Pope Leo X (1513-1521), Pope Clement VII (1523-1534)

39. a refresher… • Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities • Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?) • Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies • Signori – one man ruled

40. Bell Ringer Review! • What was the most powerful city state in Italy? • Give one example of how these city states were run (type of government) • Who was considered the most powerful family during the Renaissance?

41. Objective… How did the MEDICI FAMILY influence the Renaissance? What was the legacy of Renaissance Politics?

42. PATRONAGE • ARCHITECTURE • Brunelleschi’sDuomo • Uffizi Gallery • Palazzo Medici • ART • Donatello’s David • Michelangelo's David, The Last Judgment • Botticelli’s Birth of Venus

43. MEDICI CHAPEL • Basilica of San Lorenzo • “Chapel of Princes” • Medici Tomb • Michelangelo • “New Sacristy” (1520)

44. Duchy of Milan • ruled by Sforza family after 1450 • was a major enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy • The peace was, in part, a response to concerns over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a year earlier. • Created a stable balance of power for a time

45. The Rest… • Rome, the Papal States: popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy • Venice, Venetian Republic - Longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800s) • Greatest maritime power in Italy and one of the world‘s great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries. • Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Included southern Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily • Only Italian city-state to officially have a king • Controlled by France between 1266-1435 • Controlled by Spain after 1435

46. Philosophy of The Renaissance(Pages 412-421)Today’s Objective:To understand the components of Humanism and its impact on the politics of the Renaissance

47. Activity! • identify positions that call for leadership—from leader of a service organization to leader of a country • what are skills that leaders should have? • What skills, traits, or powers that a leader should have to get ahead or get things done?

48. Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer… • Compare your answers and Venn Diagram with your neighbor regarding The Prince • Agenda and Objective: 1. By reviewing the Prince, students will identify Machiavelli’s qualities of a good leader. • 2. Through notes and Art discussion, students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic artists.

49. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) • The Prince (1513) • The quintessential political treatise of the 16th century • Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control • Stated that politically, ―the ends justifies the means • Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless • Sack of Rome in 1527 by armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy

50. The Prince • Create a Venn diagram that shows the following: • In the overlapping area, what both you and Machiavelli think of as essential traits, skills, or powers of a leader of a nation • On the left, what you look for in a leader of a nation but Machiavelli doesn't • On the right, what Machiavelli wants in a leader of a nation but you don’t.