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Biochemistry

Dive deep into the properties of water, carbon compounds, and biomolecules in biochemistry. Understand condensation and hydrolysis reactions, ATP as the energy currency, and the significance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Chapter 3

  2. Water Review Biochemistry 3-1 Carbon Compounds 3-2 Molecules of Life

  3. Water • Polarity • Hydrogen Bonding • Cohesion= same • High Specific Heat • Adhesion= different • Universal Solvent • Capillarity

  4. 3.1 Carbon Compounds • Organic v. Inorganic • Carbon (C) Bonding • 4 covalent bonds!! • Arrangements: chain, branched chain, ring • Single, double, triple bonds

  5. Other Forms Carbon Takes

  6. Functional Groups

  7. Large Carbon Molecules • Monomers: building blocks • Polymers: 2 or more monomers covalently bonded • Macromolecules: Large polymers, aka biomolecules 4.Carbohydrates: sugars & starches • Lipids: fats, oils, waxes • Proteins: enzymes • Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

  8. Biochemical Reactionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU • Condensation Reaction- anabolic • AKA Dehydration Synthesis • Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O • Monosaccharides polysaccharides • Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids • Amino acids proteins • Nucleotides nucleic acids

  9. Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration Synthesis ANABOLIC 2 Monomers Bonded= Polymer Remove H2O

  10. Biochemical Reactions • Hydrolysis-CATABOLIC • Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer • Polysaccharides monosaccharides Separate polymer into: 2 monomers Add H2O

  11. ATP (Energy Currency) • Adenosine Triphosphate= ATP • Compound with energy body can USE • 3 Phosphate groups attached • 3rd PO4 bond=STORE MOST ENERGY 3 Phosphate Groups Endergonic vs.Exergonic

  12. ATP In More Detail http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

  13. 3.2 Molecules of Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  14. Carbohydrates • Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n • Monomer= monosaccharide • Polymer= polysaccharide • Functional Groups: • Hydroxyl (-OH) • Types: • Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= isomers • Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose • Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen • Functions: • Easily accessible energy source (glucose) • Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

  15. Monosaccharides: Isomers C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

  16. Who Makes What? Glucose and glucose make maltose Glucose and fructose make sucrose Glucose and galactosemake lactose All disaccharides

  17. A really big carb… Cellulose

  18. Glycogen Another… Starch

  19. Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N • Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body • Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein • Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° • Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH) • Amino (-NH2) • R-Group (group that changes & determines aa) • Types: muscles, hair and enzymes • Substrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit • Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH • Functions: • Catalyzes reactions (enzymes) • Structure • Transportation in/out of cell through channels

  20. R Group Carboxyl Amino Acid (Glycine) Amino Amino Acid (Alanine)

  21. Polypeptides form when three or more amino acids are joined • Highly twisted and bent due to H-bonding • Structure is related to function!!!

  22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4 http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/

  23. Enzymes are affected by Temperature: – As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C. • The active sites are denatured(altered) pH: Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2 Concentration: – As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction decreases

  24. Lipids • Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1) • Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids • Polymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes • Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), sometimes phosphate (-PO4) • Types: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids • Functions: • Stores 2x amount of energy as carbo’s: long term • Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL) • Waterproof coating on plants (waxes) • Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids) • Insulation

  25. The Monomers of Lipids Hydroxyl groups Hydrocarbon chain Carboxyl group Fatty Acid Glycerol • -COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic • The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.

  26. Lipids: Triglycerides Saturated v. Unsaturated Fatty Acids 1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride

  27. Phospholipid BilayerOf Cell Membrane

  28. Steroid: Cholesterol Waxes • 1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain • Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax 4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached Animal Hormones, testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)

  29. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Monomers= Nucleotide • 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base • Polymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose • Functional Group: • Phosphate group (-PO4) • Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA • Functions: • Genetic Information (DNA) • Controls cells’ activities (DNA) • Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

  30. Nucleotide & DNA

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