Obesity

1. Obesity By: Saravanan, Akshay, Winston and Sara

2. Overview • What is Obesity? • Issue • Obesity Stats • Causes • Assessing Obesity • Risks • Cures • Prevention • Government Aid • Costs

3. What is Obesity? • Obesity is the excess accumulation of fat • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) • obesity is defined as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.”

4. So WHAT?

5. What is the Problem? • Obesity is a growing health concern • It increases the risk of many chronic diseases • The number of obese Canadians has drastically increased in 25 years • Is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in Canada • Since Canadian healthcare is public, treating these diseases costs taxpayers a lot of money

6. Costs Direct costs: $125 billion Indirect costs: $90 billion Total costs: $215 billion Individuals who are obese pay $1,429 or 42% more in health costs than those who are normal weight Medicare pays $1,723 more to obese patients than to normal weight ones Medicaid pays $1,021 more to obese patients than to normal weight ones Private insurance companies pay $1,140 more to obese people than to normal weight ones

7. Obesity Trend

8. Obesity Trend It is evident from the maps that obesity is a growing health concern in North America

9. Canadian Statistics • An estimated 2 out of every 3 adults are overweight or obese • The proportion of obese children has nearly tripled in the last 25 years • About 40% to 60% of adults have a weight problem • Approximately 23% of women are obese • Approximately 33% of men are obese

10. Global Statistics • Over 60% of American adults are overweight • Approximately 15% of children in the US are obese • 50% of women aged 20 to 74 are overweight or obese in the US • 20% of school children are obese in Beijing • 16% of school boys are obese in Saudi Arabia • An estimated 300,000 deaths per year are attributable to obesity. • Obese individuals have a 50% to 100% increased risk of death from all causes, compared to normal-weight individuals.

11. Percentage of Obese Adult Population (USA)

13. Factors that Increase the Chance of Obesity Heredity – genetic (family) Gender – females have a great risk Physical activity – lack of sufficient exercise Psychogenic – depression Alcohol Smoking Prescribed drugs (weight gain as side effect)

14. Balancing Energy Intake In order to maintain a balanced amount of energy, the amount taken into the body should be equal to the expenditure (through body functions and physical activity)

15. Balancing Energy

16. Balancing Energy

17. Fat • Energy storage • Thermal Insulation • Structural component of cell membranes • Excessive fat in diet results in excessive food energy • Fats have twice as much energy as carbs • Different types of fats have different effects on the body • Saturated fats raise the chance of obesity

18. Protein • Growth of body tissue • Repair of body tissue • Red blood cells • Functions of antibodies to resist infection • Regulation of enzymes and hormones • Can be obtained from dairy products, meat, fish and eggs • Vegetarians can obtain protein from vegetables, beans, grains, rice and tofu

19. Carbohydrates Provide energy for the body Complex carbs are broken down into simple sugars Sugars are used to produce ATP, and the excess are stored as glycogen or fat Excessive carbs in a diet leads to excess food energy, and the risk of obesity

20. Other Factors • Edema • Insulinoma • Prader-Willi Syndrome • Genetic factors may cause the changes in appetite and fat metabolism that lead to obesity • Metabolic Syndrome • More input than output

21. Assessing Obesity There are two measurements that physicians use to identify obesity Waist Circumference (WC) Body Mass Index (BMI)

22. Waist Circumference (WC) The distance around the waist Used to check for fat held around the stomach area Effective to a degree Does not effectively measure: Muscular adults Children and teenagers who are still growing

23. Classification Having a WC measurement of 89 cm for women and 102 cm for men increases the risk of heart diseases and diabetes.

24. Assessing Obesity BMI Ratio of weight to height Does not directly measure body fat Limitation Overestimates body fat in muscular individuals they might be considered overweight since muscle weighs more than fat Underestimate body fat in older individuals Tend to lose muscle as you grow older

25. How to calculate BMI According to health Canada, the weight classifications for BMI are as follows: underweight (less than 18.5) normal weight (between 18.5 and 24.9) overweight (between 25 and 29.9) obese (30 and over)

26. Risks Mild obesity involving a body mass index of 30+, is less dangerous to health than morbid obesity (BMI 40+) or malignant obesity (BMI 50+) Abdominal obesity is one of the primary symptoms of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance syndrome.  A weight increase of 11-18 pounds raises a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes to twice that of people who have not gained weight. One of the most common risk factors for insulin resistance is obesity, especially central abdominal obesity The risk of gallstones is approximately 3 times greater for obese patients than in non-obese people Musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis, are much more prevalent among obese patients

27. Potential Diseases • Leading cause of coronary heart disease and high blood pressure • Coronary artery (heart) disease • Leading cause of Type 2 diabetes • Drastically increases risk of stroke • Breathing disorders • sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) • Certain types of cancers • prostate and bowel cancer in men, breast and uterine cancer in women

28. Other Potential Diseases Depression Gallbladder or liver disease Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) High blood pressure High cholesterol Joint disease (e.g., osteoarthritis)

29. Prevention • Decrease the amount of calories you are eating and drinking, and exercise to burn enough calories to maintain a healthy weight • Limiting the amount of milk that younger children drink • Avoiding frequent meals of fast food • Encourage regular exercise and physical activity • Limit inactivity • Eat lots of fruits and vegetables • Eat a variety of foods from all food groups • A low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate, high fibre diet

30. Obesity Pyramid Source: www.publichealthworks.ca/ - Sharma 2008

31. Cures: Phentermine Suppresses appetite, to help obese patients lose weight Targets chemicals in the brain that control appetite Phentermine remains available, but is approved only for short-term use

32. Cures: Sibutramine Used to help obese patients lose weight and maintain weight loss by suppressing appetite Sibutramine is approved for longer-term use, but may cause an increase in blood pressure and should be used with caution and only with regular medical monitoring

33. Cures • Orlistat is a medication that blocks the absorption of dietary fat and is also approved for longer-term use. • Two drugs known as fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine are to be avoided as it affects serotonin levels in the brain • Dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids are also prohibited • Phenylpropanolamine is a stimulant that is closely related to ephedrine and as a result it is not to be in taken

34. Government Aid • The Canada’s food guide has helpful tips to promote healthy diets • investing $5 million to help fund a renewed ParticipACTION. This funding will help promote physical activity and more involvement in sports • The introduction of a Children’s Fitness tax credit. Parents are now able to claim a tax credit up to 500$ from sports and physical activity programs for each child under the age of 16 – this further promotes physical activity and involvement in sports • Canada’s Physical Activity Guides, including guides to help children and youth improve their health through regular physical activity.

35. What’s the Government Doing Now? • Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada are helping Canadians to improve their health and diet through promoting various programs relating to physical activity and healthy eating • The Centre for Health promotions is currently working with many different types of private and public sectors, as well as different parts of the government on the issue of healthy living – this includes physical activity and having a healthy diet • The Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion informs the citizens of a healthy diet and promoting healthy eating • The Food Directorate is the federal health authority responsible for making policies, setting standards and providing advice and information on the safety and nutritional value of food.

36. Bibliography • Holroyd, H. J. (2008). Stop obesity: an answer to the problem of obesity and its complications. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. • It's Your Health - Obesity. (n.d.). Health Canada. Retrieved December 29, 2010, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/life-vie/obes-eng.php • Obesity. (n.d.). World Health Organization (WHO) UN. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from www.who.int/topics/obesity/en • Obesity - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Weight Management. (n.d.). Body & Health Canada. Retrieved December 29, 2010, from http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1055&disease_id=95&relation_id=17519 • Obesity Statistics. (n.d.). Acknowledging Liposuction Costs. Retrieved December 30, 2010, from http://www.liposuction-costs.com/obesity-statistics.html • Olstman, J., Britton, M., & Jonsson, E. (2004). Treating and preventing obesity . Weinheim: WILEY-VCH. • Statistics about Obesity. (n.d.). Wrong Diagnosis. Retrieved December 30, 2010, from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/o/obesity/stats.htm • What is Obesity. (2000, June 26). Obesity Canada . Retrieved January 7, 2011, from http://www.obesitycanada.com/what.php

37. The End Eat Healthy and Get Active!