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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Human Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity. Energy Expenditure at Rest. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Energy to maintain vital functions in awake state Resting metabolic rate (RMR) Energy to maintain vital functions plus digestion

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Human Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  2. Energy Expenditure at Rest • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) • Energy to maintain vital functions in awake state • Resting metabolic rate (RMR) • Energy to maintain vital functions plus digestion • Measured 3 – 4 hours following a meal McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  3. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  4. Metabolism at Rest • Resting energy metabolism varies in proportion to the body’s surface area • Allometric scaling is used to • Establish a relationship between body size and a variable such as • Muscular strength • Aerobic capacity McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  5. Effects of Regular Exercise • Resistance training increases BMR by increasing FFM. • Endurance training increases BMR without increasing FFM. • Exercise can offset the age-related decline in BMR. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  6. “Normalcy” of BMR Values • Compares a person’s measured BMR with “standard metabolic rates” based on age and gender McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  7. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  8. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  9. Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure RDEE = BMR × m2 • Contribution of diverse tissues • Muscle is more active than fat mass. • The brain has a high metabolic rate. • During exercise, muscle metabolism may increase nearly 100 times. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  10. Factors that Affect Energy Expenditure • Physical activity • Largest variable in daily energy expenditure • Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) • Obligatory thermogenesis • Facultative thermogenesis McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  11. Factors that Affect Energy Expenditure • Climate • Hot or cold environments increase energy expenditure. • Pregnancy • Increases BMR due to added weight gained during pregnancy McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  12. Energy Expenditure in Physical Activity • Classification of physical activities by energy expenditure • Intensity • Duration • Physical activity ratio (PAR) • Determined by ratio of energy required in relation to BMR • Light work = 1 – 3 × BMR • Heavy work = 6 – 8 × BMR • Maximal work = > 9 × BMR McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  13. The MET MET = metabolic equivalent • 1 MET = 3.5 mL × kg−1× min−1 • Exercise intensity described relative to resting rate • Used toguide or prescribe exercise intensity McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  14. Daily Rates of Average Energy Expenditure • The average U.S. adult spends 75% of the day in activities requiring light energy expenditure. • In the United States, 300,000 deaths per year result from physical inactivity and poor eating habits. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  15. Energy Cost of Household, Industrial, and Recreational Activities • Effect of body mass • Weight-bearing exercise • Weight-supported exercise McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  16. Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure • Heart rate and oxygen consumption • Linear relationship exists • Linearity is not identical for everyone • Other factors altering heart rate • Temperature – Humidity • Food intake – Body position • Muscle groups worked – Emotions • Static v. dynamic work McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  17. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

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