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WAVE OPTICS

WAVE OPTICS. Wave Optics - light acts like a particle - Einstein proved this with his photoelectric effect - light acts like a wave - Thomas Young proved this with the double slit experiment Light has properties of both waves and particles. Conditions for Interference

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WAVE OPTICS

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  1. WAVE OPTICS

  2. Wave Optics - light acts like a particle - Einstein proved this with his photoelectric effect - light acts like a wave - Thomas Young proved this with the double slit experiment Light has properties of both waves and particles

  3. Conditions for Interference • Two or more interfering waves travel through different regions of space • Waves are brought together at a common point • Light waves must have the same frequency and a fixed relationship • -

  4. Young’s Double Slit Experiment

  5. Double Slit Interference Pattern from three different lasers Bright areas – constructive interference (bright fringe) Dark areas – destructive interference (dark fringe)

  6. Constructive interference occurs when ΔL = nλ ΔL also equals dsinϴ d sinϴ = nλ constructive d sinϴ = (n+ ½) λ destructive d= distance between the slits AP uses m instead of n – they both represent the order of the maximum or minimum

  7. Often you are asked to find a distance on the screen. Use tanϴ = The AP formula sheet uses x instead of y and does small angle approximation. (tanθ = sinθ) Their formula is ≈ L

  8. Young’s Double Slit experiment Example 1 – Red light (λ = 664 nm in a vacuum) is used in Young’s experiment with the slit separated by a distance d = 1.20 X 10-4 m. The screen is located at a distance of 2.75 m from the slits. Find the distance on the screen between the central bright and the third order fringe.

  9. Single Slits and Diffraction Gratings A diffraction grating consists of a large # of slits -the locations of the bright and dark spots is exactly the same as it is for a double slit -use the same formulas as a double slit Single Slit -only need to know the pattern for the single slit

  10. Single Slit has a wider and more intense central maximum – other maximums are evenly spaced but narrower and not as intense Double Slit all the maximums and minimums are the same width but vary in intensity – the central maximum being the most intense

  11. Intensity Patterns for Single and Double Slits Single Slit -wider central max -more intense (brighter) • Double Slit • Central max same size as other maximums • Central max more intense (brighter)

  12. THIN FILM INTERFERENCE

  13. Diagram below shows a thin film of gasoline floating on water - at the top surface of the film reflection occurs (Ray 1) - refraction also occurs – enters the film and is reflected from the bottom layer (Ray 2) Ray 2 has traveled farther than ray 1 The difference in path lengths occurs in the film Therefore the wavelength that is important for thin lens interference is the wavelength in the film

  14. Phase Changes for Light 1. When light travels from a lower to a higher index of refraction (air to water) reflection occurs at the boundary along with a phase change equal to ½ a wavelength 2. When light travels from a higher to a lower index of refraction (gasoline to water) there is no phase change upon reflection Extra distance traveled = 2t Constructive interference = mλ (m=1,2,3,…) - air to gasoline ½ λ phase change - gasoline to water no phase change 2t + ½ λ = mλ Destructive interference = (m + ½ )λ (m=1,2,3,..) 2t + ½ λ = (m + ½ )λ

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