1. Vocabulary geology galaxy element atom proton neutron electron nucleus formation fusion spectrum theory fact

2. Today‘s Goals You shoud be able to: • describe how the formation of galaxies, stars, and solar systems is similar (level 3-4) • discuss the similarities and differences between the formation of galaxies, stars, and solar systems (level 5-6) • explain the connection between these formations and the rocks we have on Earth (level 5-6)

3. What are the similarities & differences?

4. Formation Videos Watch each video – look for similarities and differences between how each is made • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2oKs1qC_jY • Galaxy formation takes about 1000 millionyears (Soper) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI • Solar system formation takes about 500 million years(Solar system formation) • http://www.metacafe.com/watch/419322/how_stars_are_born/ and http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xggy76_studying-the-universe-how-do-stars-form_lifestyle • Star formation takes about 50 million years (Stars)

5. Milky way Galaxy • Spiral and rotating at 230 km/s; • We rotate around the galactic center once every 225 to 250 million years • Nearest neighbor is Andromeda Galaxy at 2.5 million light years, - will collide with us in 4 billion years from now (Dunbar, 2012)

6. Andromeda

7. Our solar System • Earth travels around the sun at approximately 100,000 km/h (Saintonge 2002) • Neptune travels at a speed of approximately 19,720 km/h taking 165 earth years to make one orbit

8. Our Sun • Class M star made of primarily hydrogen (71%) and Helium (27%) • Closest star is a double star: Proxima & Alpha Centauri at 4 LY

9. How are heavier elements made? • Nuclear fusion • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEw6X2BhIy8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pusKlK1L5To (more on nuclear fusion)

10. Bibliography • Dunbar, Brian. "NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way Is Destined for Head-On Collision." NASA, 31 May 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html>. • Freundenrich, Craig, Ph.D. "How Galaxies Work." HowStuffWorks, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/galaxy3.htm>. • "How Old Is the Milky Way?" European Southern Observatory, 17 Aug. 2004. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/news/eso0425/>. • Saintonge, Amelie. "At What Speed Does the Earth Move around the Sun?" Curious About Astronomy:. NASA, Oct. 2002. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. <http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=356>. • "Solar System Formation." Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics - University of Colorado, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. <http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/1010/SESSIONS/11.Formation.html>. • Soper, Davison E. "How Did the Galaxy Get to Be the Way It Is?" History of the Galaxy. Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Oregon, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. <http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/MilkyWay/history.html>. • "Stars." NASA Sceince Astrophysics. Ed. Ruth Netting. NASA, 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve/>. • Wethington, Nicholos. "Age of the Milky Way." Universe Today, 4 Dec. 2008. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.universetoday.com/21822/age-of-the-milky-way/>.