2. Adjuvants • Chemical substance that can be added to a vaccine in order to enhance the immune response to the vaccine.

3. Licensed Types of Adjuvants Aluminum Salts • Aluminum Hydroxide • Aluminum Phosphate (Alum) • MF59 – oil/water emulsion, biodegradable squalene oil (4.3%) stabilized by two non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 85), and a low ionic strength citrate buffer • AS04, 3-0-desacyl- 4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) detoxified by mild hydrolytic treatment, alum absorbed

4. Boosters • Periodic “booster” administration strengthens and lengthens duration of immunity

5. Routes of Administration • Intravenous • Intramuscular • Subcutaneous • Oral – liquids, foods • Intranasal

8. Reverse vaccinology

9. A comparison Conventional methods • grow microbes in vitro • harvest microbial proteins that may have the potential to produce a vaccine • problem… many microbes are hard to cultivate in vitro Reverse vaccinology methods • computer analyzes specific microbe genome sequence to predict genes that code for surface proteins (possible vaccine) • computers can examine multiple microbial genomes to look for homologous proteins to create more accurate predictions • predicted genes are cloned into E. coli cultures for manufacturing of recombinant proteins – these are the potential vaccines • proteins are extracted from the E. coli cultures and tested in mice for the immune response of interest

10. 5 – 15 years Conventional Vaccine Development DNA recombinant technology

11. Reverse Vaccinology: Applying Genomics, Immunology & Engineering To Rapidly Assess Vaccine Candidates High Throughput Gene Expression ~ 6 months - 1 year