1 / 25

Revolution in Japan’s World View

Revolution in Japan’s World View. Pyle, Chapter 6. Outcome of Bakufu Overthrow. Ideology (slogans) current during anti-Bakufu movement did not point to Meiji Restoration outcome 尊王攘夷 sonno joi – honor the Emperor and expel the barbarians

barbara-maxwell
Télécharger la présentation

Revolution in Japan’s World View

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Revolution in Japan’s World View Pyle, Chapter 6

  2. Outcome of Bakufu Overthrow • Ideology (slogans) current during anti-Bakufu movement did not point to Meiji Restoration outcome • 尊王攘夷 sonno joi – honor the Emperor and expel the barbarians • 王政復古 osei fukko – imperial government and a return to antiquity • Foreigners in Japan expected • Fight amongst anti-Bakufu forces to establish new bakufu • Renewed anti-foreign movement, return to sakoku 鎖国

  3. Civilization and Enlightenment • Instead of new sakoku, program of de facto Westernization • 文明開化　bunmei kaika • Adoption of (largely) foreign models • Pyle p. 79 • Bring in foreign advisors – お雇い外国人 • Study missions to foreign countries • Continuation of pattern followed by some fiefs before the Meiji Restoration, even the Tokugawa itself

  4. Foreign Models • Relatively minor role for the US • “Primary school system” not a national model but rather US state model • Sapporo Agricultural College (札幌農学校) Japanese idea with charismatic US teacher (William Smith Clark) • National banking system soon largely abandoned

  5. Boys be ambitious! • 少年よ、大志をいだけ • Became associated with risshin shusse 立身出世 • Education -> government service -> wealth and honor 富貴（貧賤） • Message of Gakumon no Susume (Encouragement of Learning) 学問の進め by Fukuzawa Yukichi • “Learning” (学問) was exclusively Western – the knowledge of “service intelligentsia” bureaucrats

  6. 西南戦争　1877

  7. Last Samurai • (Very) loosely based on early Meiji reforms and samurai discontent with those reforms • Gives Americans and American models exaggerated role • Romanticizes one type of “samurai” ideal as model of “samurai” in general

  8. Fukuzawa and the New Westernization • 福沢諭吉 • Founder of Keio Gijuku Daigaku 慶応義塾大学 • Journalist and founder of Jiji Shinpo 時事新報 • “Enlightenment” writer • 西洋事情 Conditions in Western Countries • 学問の進め An Encouragement of Learning • 文明論の概略 An Outline Theory of Civilization • Exaggerated own role in autobiography • Endless stream of hagiography from Keio • Contrast with Waseda and 大隈重信 Okuma Shigenobu • Okuma much more important political figure than Fukuzawa

  9. An Encouragement of Learning • Gakumon no susume 学問の進め • 天は人の上に人を造らず、人の下に人を造らずと言えり • Heaven creates no man above other men; heaven creates no man below other men • Taken as evidence of “liberal” Fukuzawa rejecting “feudal” notions of hereditary status differences ordained by “heaven” (aka nature)

  10. An Encouragement of Learning • Not original with Fukuzawa • Possibly from popular US text citing Thomas Jefferson • Joint authorship (of first pamphlet) • Claimed wide readership • 初編から１７編まで３４０万部以上が売れ、国民の１０人に１人が読むという明治初期における最大のベストセラー（教科書のバイブル）になり、当時の教育政策にも大きな影響を与えた • Supposition taken as fact

  11. An Encouragement of Learning • Language quite difficult • Not aimed at general audience • Message to opening of school in Nakatsu to help shizoku (aka samurai) adjust to new order • Argument – • Status is not determined by “heaven” • Status is determined by study • If you are not satisfied with your status, study (rather than rebel) • Conservative, not progressive

  12. Fukuzawa and the New Westernization • What can be learned from Fukuzawa • Japanese elite already opening to West before Meiji Restoration • 1860 Bakufu mission to the US • 1862 First Japanese Embassy to Europe (第１回遣欧使節 開市開港延期交渉使節団) • 1871 Iwakura Mission (岩倉使節団)

  13. Bakufu mission to the US

  14. First Japanese Embassy to Europe • Members of mission in Utrecht • Fukuzawa is 2nd from left • Note samurai kit

  15. What can be learned from Fukuzawa • Western knowledge was profitable • Personal career built on chance engagement with Western knowledge (originally Dutch) • Typical of other Meiji figures • Basic education traditional • Fragmentary encounters with European language and learning • More to Europe than the US • Eclectic – more than one country

  16. What can be learned from Fukuzawa • No sense of panic • “But on the contrary, there was really nothing new, at least to me…. I had been studying nothing else but such scientific principles ever since I had entered Ogata’s school.” (Pyle, p. 81) • Similar reaction to model railroad, telegraph brought by Perry • Already knew about these from books • Wanted to know about political and legal systems in actual operation

  17. What can be learned from Fukuzawa • No sense of panic • Japan behind the West, but not that far behind • 40 years behind, a generation behind, etc. • Post restoration Western writing depicted Japan as “centuries” behind West • “Japan accomplished in decades that which required centuries in the West” • Focused on style (clothing, buildings) • Ignored intellectual and organization sophistication developed during Tokugawa

  18. Limits of Reform • Motivation for reform • Demonstrate modernity, parity with major Western powers -> renegotiate unequal treaties • National strength 富国強兵 – fukoku kyohei – wealthy country and strong military • Significance • Extreme proposals • Abandoned when seen as irrelevant to goals

  19. Limits of Reform • Extreme proposals • Abandon Japanese language to ease learning of Western technology • Emperor to convert to Christianity as model, people follow – to gain spiritual basis of Western power • Contractual marriage • Actually a commoner custom in Tokugawa • Preach one thing, practice another • Carmen Blacker, Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi.

  20. Iwakura Mission • Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy (岩倉使節団, Iwakura Shisetsudan) • 1871-1873 • Renegotiate treaties (failed) • Gather information (2000-plus page report) • Place students (60 taken along) • Included 7 women • 津田梅子 founder of 津田塾 Tsuda Juku

  21. Limits of Reform • Eating beef as a quasi-religious sacrament • Modern • Western diet -> western strength, western brain • Western buildings for Western education • Soon abandoned because of cost • 鹿鳴館 Deer Cry Pavillion • Western entertainment • Bored diplomats • Show how “western” the Japanese were

  22. Iwakura Mission • Included top government officials • Secure enough to leave Japan • Personal intellectual curiosity

  23. Education • Tokugawa • No “public” education • No central control • No government licensing • Indigenous or “Chinese” content except for “Dutch Learning”

  24. Education • Meiji • Primarily public, grudging toleration of private • Gradually extended central control • Government regulation of ALL education • Draft exemption used to keep private higher education in line • Direct control over content • Textbooks vetted, later written by the government • Content • Basically Western except for “morals” 道徳 education

  25. スライド終了 • Course Web Page for Slides and Readings • www2.gol.com/users/ehk/waseda/history4 • ehk.servebeer.com/waseda/history4 • Office Hour • None at Waseda • Last 20-30 minutes of 5th period • Mail Address • ehk@gol.com • ehkuso@gmail.com

More Related