Chapter 8: The Islamic World Section 1: The Rise and Spread of Islam

1. Chapter 8: The Islamic WorldSection 1: The Rise and Spread of Islam Jabari World History Period 1

2. A. The Arabian Peninsula • Main Idea: When Islam began, the Arabian Peninsula was a crossroad of trade

3. A. The Arabian Peninsula Crossroads of Trade • People of Arabia carried on a trade with people of Africa and Asia. • Arabia’s busiest trade center was Mecca, where goods were sold in fairs and markets. • Towns in Arabia became part of trade routes. Incense and animal hides were traded for spices, gold, ivory, and silk.

4. A. The Arabian Peninsula Bedouin Nomads • In Arabia, a group of nomadic herders known as the Bedouin Nomads traveled great distances on camels (their form of transportation). • They raised all of their animals from newborn such as sheep, goats, and of course camels. • Then Islam’s most important figure, Muhammad, was born

5. B. Foundations of Islam • Main Idea: Muhammad founded Islam based on revelations from God, which were collected in the Quran.

6. B. Foundations of Islam Muhammad’s Vision • Around the year 610, Muhammad had a vision which told him to preach the word of God. He was told he was meant to be a prophet of God. • In 622, Muhammad decided to leave Mecca and went to Medina, known as “the city of the Prophet”. • Tensions grew between Mecca and Medina. In 630, the Muslims conquered Mecca, which is now the center for the religion.

7. B. Foundations of Islam Teachings of Islam • Islam taught that there is but one God. In order for a Muslim to gain Allah (God) grace one must submit to Allah’s will. • To be a good Muslim, one must follow Islamic daily rules of living, and also must carry out the five pillars (major duties). • The five pillars include fasting, praying 5 times between dawn and dusk, giving donations, taking a journey to Mecca(at least once in a lifetime), declaring that there’s only one God, and that Muhammad is the prophet.

8. B. Foundations of Islam The Quran • The Holy Quran is basically the Islamic Bible. • The Quran guides a believer through every aspect of life: moral, social, political, and legal. • Muslims gave other religious groups such as Jews and Christians the right to practice their beliefs if they paid a tax.

9. B. Foundations of Islam • Muhammad’s Last Years • Muhammad died in 632. During the two years before that, Islam spread throughout regions in Mecca and Medina. • Muslims are taught to spread the word(rule) of Allah. • Muhammad said that this may require a jihad, extraordinary effort and struggle, and might even mean war.

10. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region • Main Idea: Islam spread quickly in Asia, North America, and Spain

11. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region • The Rightly Guided Caliphs • Muhammad hadn’t named a Successor or new leader, but he had 4 caliphs, that controlled the Muslims as religious and political leaders after his death. • The caliphs were ordered to spread the word of Muhammad. • Islamic armies were tough, beating all of their enemies. Islamic soldiers were determined to win and were strong fighters, and good horse back riders.

12. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region Sunni and Shiites • After Muhammad died, conflicts arose over who was going to take over the nation. This caused the Muslims to split into 2 groups, Sunni and Shiites. • The difference is that Sunni’s believe that the Qur’an was the only guide needed between Allah and his followers. Shiites believe that a person could act as prophet between Allah and his followers. • This great division is both political and religious and still lives on today.

13. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region The Umayyads • After the 4th Caliph Ali died, the Umayyad family created a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until about 750. • The founder of the Umayyad Dynasty is Mu’awiyah. He became caliph in 660 and he moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in Syria. • This made controlling a conquered area easier. They conquered Rhodes, Sicily, North Africa, and Afghanistan.

14. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region Important Battles • By the year 636, Islamic armies defeated the Byzantines who were in control Jerusalem. A year later Jerusalem was conquered. They also conquered Persia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and Egypt. • All of North Africa fell to Islam. North African Muslims called Moors conquered Spain and Portugal by 719. • In 751 the Muslims defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Tales, So Islam replaced Buddhism in Central Asia.

15. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region The Abbasid Dynasty • The Abbasid Dynasty came to power around 750. • The second Caliph of Abbasid, Al-Mansur built a capital on the bank of the Tigris River. This new capital was named Baghdad. • The city of Baghdad reached its peak under the 3rd caliph, Huran al-Rashid. They enjoyed peace and prosperity. Literature, poetry, medicine, math, astronomy, industry, and commerce developed under Rashid’s rule.

16. C. Spread of Islam in Asia and the Mediterranean Region Sufis • Muslims grew more powerful and Islam continued to spread around the world. Many people started to join and convert to this religion. • Sufism, a way to form a union with Allah in everyday life, arose in the Abbasid Dynasty. • The Sufis believed in a union with Allah by continuous inner prayer, fasting, and other rituals.

17. D. Caliph Rule Ends • Main Idea: The empire of the caliphs did not remain united, and Turkish-speaking tribes moved into the Middle East.

18. D. Caliph Rule Ends Seljuk Turks • In the 900s, Turkish nomads, the Seljuks began settling in Islamic territories. They often served as soldiers of the caliph. • Abbasids grew weak as Seljuks grew stronger, the Seljuk leader called the sultan became the ruler of eastern Islamic lands. • In 1095, Pope Urban of Rome, called on the knights of western Europe to join in a war against Muslims, this was named the Crusades.

19. D. Caliph Rule Ends The Crusaders • The Crusades weakened the Islamic empire. • In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem. Battles were fierce between Christians and Muslims. • For 150 years, the city of Jerusalem passed back and forth between Christian and Muslim possession.

20. Nomad • People who don’t really have a real home.

21. Fasting • Not eating until a certain time of the day.