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Understanding Network Layer Protocols: IP, IPX, NetBEUI, and AppleTalk

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of network layer protocols, including IP, IPX, NetBEUI, and AppleTalk. It explains how these protocols facilitate end-to-end communications across diverse network architectures. The functions of IP such as encapsulation, addressing, routing, and fragmentation are detailed alongside the unique addressing systems used in IP and AppleTalk. Additionally, the chapter examines the roles of IPX and NetBEUI in local area networking, emphasizing their configurations and characteristics. Gain insights into how these protocols operate and their applications in networking.

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Understanding Network Layer Protocols: IP, IPX, NetBEUI, and AppleTalk

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter Overview • IP • IPX • NetBEUI • AppleTalk

  2. Network Layer Protocols • Responsible for end-to-end communications on an internetwork • Contrast with data-link layer protocols, which provide communications on the same local area network (LAN)

  3. IP Encapsulation

  4. IP Functions • Encapsulation • Addressing • Routing • Fragmentation • Protocol identification

  5. The IP Datagram Format

  6. IP Addresses • Internet Protocol (IP) is the only network layer protocol with its own addressing system. • IP addresses are 32 bits long. • IP addresses have two parts: a network identifier and a host identifier. • IP addresses are assigned to network interface adapters, not to computers. • The Source IP Address field in the IP header always identifies the computer that generated the packet. • The Destination IP Address field in the IP header always identifies the packet’s final destination.

  7. End Systems and Intermediate Systems

  8. Fragmentation • Routers connect networks that support different-sized packets. • The largest packet size supported by a network is called its maximum transmission unit (MTU). • When a packet is too large to be forwarded to a particular network, the router splits it into fragments. • Each fragment is encapsulated with a header and is transmitted as a separate packet. • Fragments are not reassembled until they reach their final destination. • Fragments can themselves be fragmented.

  9. Fragmentation (Cont.)

  10. Protocol Field Values

  11. The IPX Standard • Developed by Novell for use with NetWare • Proprietary; never published as a public standard • Reverse engineered by Microsoft to create NWLink

  12. IPX Functions • Routing • Addressing • Protocol identification

  13. The IPX Header Format

  14. IPX Addressing • Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) uses • Separate node and network addresses • Network interface adapter hardware addresses for node addresses • Network addresses • Are assigned by administrators • Do not need to be registered

  15. NetBEUI Characteristics • Original Microsoft Windows default networking protocol • Designed for small local area networks (LANs) • Does not support Internet communications • Does not need configuration • Can be used to troubleshoot Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) configuration protocols

  16. NetBIOS Names • Assigned to computers during Windows installation • Sixteen characters long; the sixteenth character is a resource identifier • Can identify computers, domain controllers, users, groups, and other resources • Have no network identifier (which is why NetBEUI is nonroutable)

  17. The NBF Protocol Format

  18. Protocols Using NBF • Name Management Protocol (NMP) • Session Management Protocol (SMP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Diagnostic and Monitoring Protocol (DMP)

  19. AppleTalk Data-Link Layer Options • LocalTalk • EtherTalk • Fast EtherTalk • TokenTalk • FDDITalk

  20. Datagram Delivery Protocol • AppleTalk’s network layer protocol • Provides packet addressing, routing, and protocol identification • Has short-format and long-format packet headers

  21. AppleTalk Addressing • AppleTalk computers have a unique 8-bit node ID that is self-assigned. • AppleTalk networks can have no more than 254 nodes. • AppleTalk uses 16-bit network numbers for routing. • Computers obtain network numbers using the Zone Information Protocol (ZIP). • Computer processes are identified by 8-bit socket numbers.

  22. AppleTalk Addressing (Cont.) • Network numbers, node IDs, and socket numbers are expressed as three decimal numbers, separated by periods. • AppleTalk computers resolve node IDs into hardware addresses, using the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP). • AppleTalk computers also have friendly names and groups of computers called zones.

  23. Chapter Summary • Network layer protocols are responsible for end-to-end communications across the network. • IP is a connectionless protocol that encapsulates transport layer data into datagrams. • IPX is a proprietary standard that performs routing, addressing, and protocol identification. • NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is used by small Windows networks for LAN networking. • AppleTalk provides basic networking to small networks.

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