Cold War Unfolds

1. Cold War Unfolds Let The War Begin! The Cold War gets HOT!!!!!!!!!!

2. Two Sides Face Off • East v. West – NATO v. Warsaw • Battle of Ideas – Democracy v. Communism • The US sees this as a global conflict just as the two world wars • Mostly non-violent conflict - Shooting wars do break-out in some areas • Berlin Wall – People were feeing the east to get to the more prosperous west • As a result East Germany builds a wall to seal off the west • Berlin Wall was a massive barrier, topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards – showed that workers had to keep people from fleeing • In Poland and Czechoslovakia uprisings broke out against Communism and attempting to break from the Warsaw Pact • Soviets send in the Red Army to stop the uprisings and kill the leaders

3. Nuclear Weapons Threaten the World • Arms Race – In order to deter the opposite side from using nuclear force both sides attempted to match the other resulting in a “Balance of Terror” • Critics argued both sides could destroy the world several times over • SALT – Agreements to limit nuclear weapons • SDI – Strategic Defense Initiative • Also called Star Wars – Shield in outer space designed to shoot down nukes from the Soviet Union • Détente – Relaxation of tensions • Restrain the Soviets through diplomatic relations rather than military means • Nuclear Non-Proliferations Treaty – Agreed not to develop nuclear weapons

4. Korean War • Background • After WWII – Korea is divided • 38th Parallel is dividing point • North Korea – Soviet Occupied • Kim Il-sung – Leader of the North • South Korea – US Occupied • Syngman Rhee – Leader of the South

5. Communist Invasion • North Korean Army with Soviet Tanks invade the South • Control all of Korea except Pusan

6. American and UN Response • Why get involved? • Not strategically essential • If we don’t – Appear soft on Communism • UN Response • UN gets member countries to donate money, supplies , and troops to keep South Korea free from the North • Result: South Korea remains free of Communist control • Led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur • Defended Pusan • Attacked at Inchon • Why? • Cut supply lines • US – Chase N. Koreans to Yalu River At Chinese Border • MacArthur follows into China against orders

7. Chinese Response Afraid of a US Air Base in N. Korea Result: China sends troops into N. Korea because they are afraid of the gains we made Drive US led forces back to the 38th Parallel

8. Firing of MacArthur • Disobeyed orders • Pursued Chinese into China • Replaced by Matthew Ridgeway

9. Results and Legacy • 1953 Peace Treaty – 38th Parallel continues to be the dividing line • Korea remains divided • 2.5 mile buffer – demilitarized zone • No troops or weapons • Symbol of the Cold War • 4 million deaths • 55,000 US • 1st war US did not win

10. History and Background of Vietnam • Chinese Control of Vietnam • French Interest and Control - 1700s • Trade • Territory • France Conquered Vietnam - 1883 • Combined Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam to form French Indochina • Impose harsh taxes and limit political freedoms • Nationalists - Vietnamese who have pride in their own culture begin to fight back • Tired of occupation and colonialism

11. Japan’s Control of Indochina Japan drives out France (WWII) - 1930s Ho Chi Minh refuses Japanese Rule League for the Independence of Vietnam (Vietminh) organized by Minh Japan surrenders to the allies - 1945 Who now controls Vietnam? Minh declares independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam - Sept.2 1945

12. French Control of Vietnam, Again! France wants to control Vietnam - Again Eisenhower funds France - Fear of the Domino Theory Vietnamese fight back using Guerrilla Warfare - Battle of Diem Bien Phu - 1954 Vietnam defeats 12,000 French (7000 French Casualties) May 7, 1954 France Surrenders Shows Vietnamese wouldn’t stop fighting

13. Geneva Conference Major world powers meet to decide the future of Vietnam (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, US, USSR, China, etc…) Split Vietnam into a north and south Have elections in 1956 to reunite under 1 government Never Takes place

14. South Vietnam • President Ngo Dinh Diem • Dishonest and Brutal - Imprisoned Critics, placed family members in government positions, isolated peasants from communism, Catholic - said everyone must follow (Buddhist country), protests drew national attention • US supported the South

15. North Vietnam • Leader Ho Chi Minh • Made up of Nationalists and Communists • Favored social reforms and land redistribution • Opposed by US • National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Vietcong • NLF - Formed by Communists and peasants

16. Gulf of Tonkin Incident Attack on the USS Maddox - A spy ship Excuse to deepen US involvement Following Attack US troops arrive in Vietnam

17. Legacy of the War • Longest and least successful in US history • Counting the Costs • US-58,000 dead; 300,000 wounded; $150 bil. • Vietnamese – More bombs than the Axis powers during WWII, countless civilians, and destroyed the country • SE Asia After the War • 1 reason for involvement was the Domino Theory – Laos and Cambodia fall • Cambodia falls to the Khmer Rouge lead by Pol Pot – Kills as many as 1.5 million Cambodians

18. Legacy cont. • US After the War • Many call for a reassessment of America’s global mission – could we defend the world from Communist forces everywhere? • Veteran’s came home to less than a hero’s welcome • No Parades • Spat upon, insulted, baby-killers etc… • Lack of jobs and training • Little counseling • 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was completed

19. Afghanistan • Détente ends when the Soviets invade Afghanistan • Considered Soviet Vietnam – Long unsuccessful war • US supports Afghan troops with weapons and money • War provokes a moral crisis in Soviet Union • Considered the Soviet Vietnam

20. Cuba • Communist takeover led by Castro • Cuban Missile Crisis • US Blockade • Trade Embargo