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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Anatomy of the Nervous System. Chapter Overview. 4.3 Research Methods 4.1 Structure of the Nervous System 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex. Research Methods. Phrenology Brain damage Physical (lesion) Chemical Brain stimulation Electrical TMS Optogenetics.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Anatomy of the Nervous System

  2. Chapter Overview • 4.3 Research Methods • 4.1 Structure of the Nervous System • 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex

  3. Research Methods • Phrenology • Brain damage • Physical (lesion) • Chemical • Brain stimulation • Electrical • TMS • Optogenetics

  4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

  5. Optogenetics

  6. Research Methods • Modern-day phrenology • Musicians • Taxi drivers • Woollett & Maguire (2011)

  7. Research Methods • Electroencephalograph (EEG) • Computer-assisted axial tomography (CAT) • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Functional MRI (fMRI) • Nishimoto et al. (2011)

  8. PET Scan

  9. Single Cell Recording (Quiroga et al., 2005)

  10. fMRI and Awareness • Owen & Coleman (2008) • Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

  11. If you were interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing, which of the following methods would be the best choice? • CAT • EEG • MRI • PET

  12. You are interested in determining which areas of the brain become more active when searching the Internet with Google. Which of the following techniques could you use? • CAT • EEG • MRI • PET • TMS • Optogenetics • fMRI Small et al, 2009

  13. Up Next… Organization of the Nervous System

  14. Terminology of the Nervous System Allyn & Bacon, 1995

  15. Organization of Nervous System

  16. The Spinal Cord • Bell-Magendie law • Dorsal roots carry sensory information • Ventral roots carry motor information • Dorsal root ganglia • Clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies

  17. If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at: • that segment only. • that segment and all segments above it. • that segment and all segments below it. • all other segments.

  18. Seeing a snake on a plane will most likely activate the ____ nervous system. • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic • Somatic • Autonomic • Peripheral

  19. Brain Parts

  20. The Brain: Hindbrain • Medulla • Controls vital reflexes like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure • Pons • Sleep and arousal • Cerebellum “little brain” • Balance, coordination, timing,

  21. The Brain: Hindbrain • Reticular formation • Control motor areas of the spinal cord • Sends output to cerebral cortex increasing arousal and attention

  22. The Brain: Midbrain • Midbrain • Superior colliculus & inferior colliculus-important in routes of sensory information • Extensions of the pathways between the forebrain and the spinal cord or hindbrain

  23. The Brain: Forebrain • Limbic system • Plays an important role in memory, motivation and emotion • Amygdala • Fear, aggression • Hippocampus • Storage of memories

  24. The Brain: Forebrain • Thalamus • Important relay station between the sensory systems and the cortex • Hypothalamus • Regulates eating, drinking, aggression, body temperature, sex • Helps direct the endocrine system through the pituitary gland

  25. The Brain: Forebrain • Basal ganglia • Responsible for motor behavior, some memory and emotional expression

  26. The Brain: Forebrain • Corpus Callosum • Connects the left and right side of the brain • Split brain studies

  27. 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex

  28. The Cerebral Cortex • Occipital lobe • Primary visual cortex • Damage: cortical blindness • Parietal lobe • Primary somatosensory cortex • Damage: neglect syndrome

  29. The Cerebral Cortex • Temporal lobe • Primary auditory cortex • Complex visual processing (shape)

  30. The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal lobe • Primary motor cortex • Aspects of attention, planning, memory • Frontal lobotomy?

  31. Stop and Check • Know the parts of the brain and their function

  32. Feeling road rage is primarily due to activity in the: • Limbic system • Thalamus • Cerebellum • Corpus callosum • Amygdala

  33. Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in which of the following? • abnormal emotional behavior • loss of sensory input to the cortex • abnormal hormone release • difficulty in distinguishing between two rhythms

  34. An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure? • Midbrain • Hippocampus • Cerebellum • Hypothalamus

  35. An individual has difficulty remembering anything recent after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area damaged may be the: • Fornix • Hypothalamus • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Corpus Callosum

  36. The Binding Problem • Out of body experiences • Lenggenhager 2007 • Petkova 2008 • Petkova 2011 • Try it online • Synchronized neural activity?

  37. Neural Synchrony

  38. Differences in Brain Size and Structure Up Next…

  39. Differences in Brain Size/Structure

  40. Brain and Body Mass

  41. Brain Size and IQ (r = .3)

  42. Men vs Women • Females • Larger hippocampus • Greater density of neurons in language areas • More/deeper sulci • Thus, equal gray matter • Smaller amygdala • Better verbal skills • Poorer spatial skills • Except after video games (Feng et al., 2007) • Except during menstruation (Hausmann et al., 2000)

  43. Please select a Team. • Men • Women

  44. What type of directions did you give? • NSEW • Landmarks

  45. Which of the angles on the left has the same angle as the one on the right? • A • B • C • D • E • F • G

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