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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE!!. What exactly is it?. Simply put: the chemistry of living things. Organic vs. Inorganic. Organic molecules: These are molecules that make up living things Organic molecules contain carbons and hydrogens

bernard-oneill
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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE!!

  2. What exactly is it? Simply put: the chemistry of living things

  3. Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic molecules: • These are molecules that make up living things • Organic molecules contain carbons and hydrogens • They can also have other elements such as N, O, P, S • Remember CHNOPS?????

  4. Can we make organic compounds? • Urea CO(NH2)2 • Synthesized by accident!! • (NH4+) + (CNO-)  “inorganic salt”? • Man-made pee?

  5. Ethane Ethylene Benzene Acetylene Propane Methane What do you notice about all of these molecules? These are what we call HYDROCARBONS Fossil fuels?  hydrophobic

  6. What about the other stuff? • While compounds like H2O and CO2 have C and H atoms, in order for our molecules to be organic, they must contain C’s and H’s together.

  7. Carbon can do everything! • Carbon’s # of valence electrons allow it to form 4 covalent bonds at a time C

  8. Ethane Ethylene Benzene Acetylene Propane Methane

  9. Because of this, the number of possible organic compounds is endless! (sort of) • There are more than 6 million known organic compounds!!! • About 500,000 known inorganic compounds…

  10. Inorganic compounds are still important!! • We already know that WATER is essential for life!! • We are mostly made up of it! (65-75%)

  11. Water • Cushioning • Medium • Temp regulation • Hydrolysis- huh?! • Universal solvent • Moistens surfaces • Dry skin? • Transportation

  12. What else do we need to stay alive?

  13. Minerals • Electrolytes • Sodium, chlorine, potassium • These are necessary for the nervous system • Conduct electricity • Iron • Found in blood, carries oxygen • Calcium & phosphorus • Necessary for our bones!! Minerals also act as buffers…what does that mean?

  14. Macromolecules • Think of the word…what do you think we’re dealing with? • Monomers and Polymers

  15. Four major macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

  16. Functional Groups Phosphate group

  17. Monomers and polymers • Monomers: The “building blocks” for our macromolecules • Polymers: Molecules built from monomers. • How do we know the difference?

  18. How do we link monomers and polymers together? • Dehydration synthesis! • Sounds scary…but its not Dehydration: _____________________ Synthesis: _____________________ How do we break polymers apart? HYDROLYSIS (what do you think that means?)

  19. MACROMOLECULES

  20. Carbohydrates • What sorts of things are carbohydrates? • Atoms? (HINT: look at the name) • Monomers: • _____________ • Polymers: • __________________

  21. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: ___________________ Disaccharides: ________________________ Polysaccharides: _______________________

  22. How do we link sugars together? • Dehydration synthesis!! (sounds scary…but it’s not) What’s going on here????

  23. We can also break polysaccharides apart • HYDROLYSIS • Break it down… • Hydro = ______________ • Lysis = __________________ H2O Two monosaccharides Polysaccharide

  24. Function of carbs • Provide ENERGY • glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration glycolysis • Energy storage • Materials for cell wall in plants and fungi (chitin and cellulose) • Types of carbs : • - Sugars • - Starches • - Fibers Polysaccharides

  25. Carbohydrates provide energy • Sugars can be stored for later use • Ex. Starch and glycogen • Think of it as a “sugar bank” • How are plants and animals able to use these stored sugars?

  26. Glycogen • Glycogen is the polysaccharide animals use to store glucose • Glycogen is stored in muscle/liver cells • Pasta parties? • Problem with low-carb diets?

  27. Structural polysaccharides • Cellulose- polysaccharide: monomers: glucose • Same as starch?! • This has to do with formation of glucose monomers

  28. Lipids • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Steroids All lipids have one thing in common…

  29. Triglycerides One glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Monomers? Polymers?

  30. Saturated vs. unsaturated • Saturated: refers to number of hydrogen atoms • Solid at room temperature • Paula Deen fats: butter, lard

  31. Functions • Long-term energy storage • Cell structure phosphoLIPIDbilayer (huh?) • Insulation • Cushioning for vital organs • Hormones

  32. Proteins R OH Amino Acid H N- C - C = O H H NH2 amino group COOHcarboxyl group Rvariable group (different depending on amino acid

  33. + Proteins • Monomers: amino acids • Polymers: polypeptide HOW DO AMINO ACIDS COME TOGETHER TO FORM POLYPEPTIDES???

  34. Proteins • Polypeptides will twist and fold to make a functional protein

  35. Function of proteins • Enzymes • Messengers • Immunity • Structure

  36. Base P CH2 o H H H H OH H Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous Base • Monomers: nucleotides Phosphate group Ribose Sugar

  37. Polymers Provide genetic information for our cells

  38. Nucleic Acids • RNA • ribose • Bases: A,G,C,U (instead of T) • DNA • Deoxyribose • Bases: A,G,C,T DNA  RNA  Protein

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