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The Democratic Paradigm: Jefferson and Madison's Leadership (1801-1814)

Explore the transformative period of American politics between 1801 and 1814 under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Discover how Jefferson's presidency marked a shift towards limited government, agrarian ideals, and expansionism, rooted in Enlightenment principles. Key events include the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, and the establishment of judicial review. Analyze the challenges faced, including international conflicts and internal divisions, as well as the enduring impact on American democracy and republicanism.

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The Democratic Paradigm: Jefferson and Madison's Leadership (1801-1814)

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  1. Democratic Paradigm Jefferson & Madison 1801-1814

  2. Thomas Jefferson1801-1809

  3. Rev. of 1800 Rise of Republicanism • Jeff. reverses much of Fed. agenda • Beginning of VA Dynasty

  4. Restoring the Meaning of Rev. • Limited nat. govt • Enlightenment into practice • States will care for people & property • Free trade • Freedom of religion & press • Friendly w/ all nation, but allied to none

  5. Actions • Minimize fed. power & eliminate gov’t oversight of economy • Cut expenses - Reduced gov’t employees • Cut military & navy • Abolished all taxes, except the tariff • Paid off ½ debt • Sedition Acts expire

  6. Judicial Review • John Marshall • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Supreme Court can determine if an act of Congress violates Constitution • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • Judicial review extended to state law

  7. Agrarian Program • Aggressive expansion of frontier • Push back Indians • Reduce homestead prices • For 20 yrs easy for ordinary people to get land

  8. LA Purchase 1803 • Jeff. not sure its constitutional • $250M today • Strengthens farmer Republican tie

  9. Lewis & Clark • Meriwether Lewis & William Clark • Goals scientific & commercial • Explore • Find water route to Pacific • Est. trade w/ Indians • Showed overland travel possible • Idea America’s destiny to Pacific

  10. Bank • Money moved to state banks • Ignorant of possible inflation from lack of regulated currency • Broke up privilege

  11. 1804 Reelection • Public supports Jefferson’s egalitarian society – easy win

  12. Problems w/ Europe • 1803 GB & F War • 1806 blockade • US neutrality not recognized • 6000 US sailors seized by 1807 (impressment) • Chesapeake attacked & boarded (MD)

  13. The Embargo 1807-1809 • (peaceful coercion) • US ships can’t sail to foreign ports. • 1808 exports plummet 80% • Economy crippled • Domestic manufacturing did well. • US lost $16M in customs revenue. • Port cities devastated

  14. Election 1808 • James Madison Sec. of State • Voters overlook Embargo • Love Republican freedom • Republican Party stronger (win S & W) • Jefferson paradigm confirmed

  15. James Madison1809-1817

  16. Expansion • Expand into Spanish West FL (AL & MS) • Part of LA Purchase

  17. Madison Policy Change • 1809 Non-Intercourse Act • Ban only on GB & Fr. • Macon’s Bill No.2 • Take back embargo • 1812 embargo on GB only • Relations w/ Eng. deteriorate • Republicans resist preparing for war

  18. Indian Policy • Washington – settled farming & slaves • Jefferson – assimilation or removal • Purchase land • Indian debts • Move uncivilized tribes west

  19. Civilized vs. Native Debate • Decline irreversible • Major Ridge & John Ross • Survival means assimilation • White fathers • Nativists • Lose Euro influence • Resist white settlement • Stop selling land

  20. Tecumseh • & The Prophet (Shawnee) • Whites are evil & we must separate ourselves • Indians must unite & stop selling land (MS Valley) • 1810 attack settlements • 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe • Prophetstown destroyed • Wm. Henry Harrison hero

  21. War Hawks • 1810 Midterm election victory • Young, Republican Congressmen • Henry Clay (KY) • John C. Calhoun (SC) • Defend honor & expansion (Canada & Florida) • Free access to markets key to a farming republic • Push Indians back • Push Madison to war

  22. War Hawks

  23. Causes of War • GB encouraging Tecumseh • Continuing attacks on shipping • “independent people or colonists of GB” • Vote divided country • North against (money & business) • South & West fore (farming)

  24. 1812 Madison Reelected • Before war started going badly • Fed. Govt couldn’t • Recruit troops, collect taxes, borrow $ • Militias would go home • Militias wouldn’t fight out of state

  25. Problems • Country divided • Bank of US expired 1811 • New England bankers wont lend $ • Fed. bankrupt at wars end

  26. Hartford Convention • Dec. 1814 • Federalist mad • VA presidents • Loss of influence to west • Amendments • Eliminate 3/5th clause • 2/3 vote for new states, war, trade restricting laws • Right to own authority if Fed. is violating Con.

  27. War of 1812 • Canada • GB blockades US • 1814 Troops run & GB burns DC • Defense of Ft. McHenry (Balt.)

  28. The South • Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” • Jan. 1815 Battle of New Orleans • Outnumbered 2 to 1 • War technically over • Most decisive victory of war • Feels like we won war • Jackson hero

  29. Treaty of Ghent • Dec. 1814 • Everything goes back way it was before war • Best we could do

  30. Aftermath • Fought a war & govt survived • Jackson national hero • Indians lose Old NW & rich land in South • Peace in Europe good for US

  31. Death of the Federalists • Against War of 1812 • Can’t escape unpatriotic charge • Represent only the urban rich • New Era of 1 party rule • Nationalism & Expansion

  32. Summary • 15 yrs extended boundaries • Encourage settlement of west • Broke up artificial privileges • Leveled playing field • Made American society more democratic

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