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What is Biochemistry?

What is Biochemistry?. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments.

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What is Biochemistry?

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  1. What is Biochemistry? • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. • Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. • Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments

  2. The most common elements found in living organisms include: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements in Living Organisms

  3. Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on • Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive. • Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body. • Organic molecules: • usually associated with living things. • always contain CARBON. • are “large” molecules, with many atoms • always have covalent bonds (share electrons)

  4. Macromolecules of Cells • Macro = large • 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

  5. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Sugars and groups of sugars • Purposes: energy and structure • Includes three types: • Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) • Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) • Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy long storage & form structures)

  6. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide Examples: • Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc. • Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule. • Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects.

  7. Polysaccharides

  8. Polysaccharides

  9. Macromolecule #2: Lipids • Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types: • 1-triglycerides (fats & oils) • (long-term energy storage, insulation) • 2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane) • 3-steroids (cell signaling) • cholesterol molecules modified to form sex hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) • 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss) • Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans.

  10. Triglycerides

  11. Phospholipids

  12. Steroids

  13. Waxes

  14. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules. • Serve the most varied purposes, including:

  15. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids. • There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids. • Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.

  16. Collagen

  17. Antibodies

  18. Cellular Transport

  19. Motion actin & myosin fibers in muscles

  20. Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. • Each nucleotide contains • (a) phosphate molecule, • (b) nitrogenous base, and • (c) 5-carbon sugar • Several types of nucleic acids, including: • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material, double stranded helix • RNA: ribonucleic acid • Genetic material, single stranded • ATP: adenosine triphosphate • High energy compound

  21. DNA

  22. Nucleotide Structure

  23. THE BIG PICTURE • Chemistry is essential for life…

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