CHAPTER 4 CIRCULATION 血液循环. Prof. Wang Ting huai Department of Physiology. Section 2 Cardiac Pump Function 心脏的泵血功能. Ⅰ Cardiac cycle 心动周期. The cardiac cycle includes two phases:systole and diastole ,which forms into one mechanical activity cycle.
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ⅠCardiac cycle心动周期 The cardiac cycle includes two phases:systole and diastole ,which forms into one mechanical activity cycle. 心动周期:心脏一次收缩和舒张构成一个机械活动周期,称为心动周期。 The heart rate of average adult man is about 75/min,every cardiac cycle continues about 0.8s. 正常成年人心率平均每分钟75次,心动周期持续0.8s。
A.Features of cardiac mechanical activation心脏机械活动特征 ⒈ Atrium and ventricle contract and relax in order 心房和心室依一定的次序收缩和舒张 ⒉ Diastole Period> Systole Period 舒张期时程 > 收缩期时程 ⒊ HR ↑ → diastole ↓↓, systole ↓ HR ↓ → diastole ↑↑, systole ↑ 心率↑ → 舒张期↓↓, 收缩期↓ 心率 ↓ → 舒张期↑↑, 收缩期↑
Characteristic: Atrium contracts,the intra-atrial pressure increases and the filling of left ventricle keep climbing .This phase lasts about 0.1s. 特点:心房收缩,房内压增高,左心室充盈量进一步增加。这一时期持续0.1s。
b. Ventricular systole: 心室收缩期 (1) Isovolume systole等容收缩期 (2) Rapid ejection period 快速射血期 (3) Reduced ejection period减慢射血期
period of isovolumic contraction等容收缩期 bicuspid valve closed二尖瓣关闭 semilunar valve closed半月瓣关闭 Ap<Vp,AOp>Vp, 心室肌强烈收缩,有张力无缩短。 Closure of AV valves :first heart sound 房室瓣关闭:第一心音
Characteristc: The amplitude of intraventricular pressure pressure increases greatly and sharply .This phase lasts about 0.05s. 特点:室内压大幅度升高,且升高速率很快。 这一时相持续 0.05s左右。
Characteristic: The time course takes about 1/3 of the whole ejection period ,and the ejection volume takes about 2/3 of the whole ejection volume.This phase lasts about 0.10s. 特点:时间占射血相1/3左右,射血量占总射血量 的2/3左右。持续0.10s左右。
Characteristic: The time course takes about 2/3 of the whole ejection period ,about 0.15s.The intraventricular pressure and aortic pressure begins to decrease from peak amplitude gradually. 特点:时间占射血相2/3左右,约0.15s。心室内压 和主动脉压都相应由峰值逐步下降。
Characteristic: The phase takes 1/3 of diastoleperiod ,lasts about 0.11s .The filling volume takes about 2/3 of the whole filling volume . 特点:占舒张期的前1/3,占总充盈量的2/3,持续时间约 0.11s。
Characteristic: The filling volume takes about 2/3 of the whole filling volume .Which lasts about 0.22s. Following this phase the cardiac enters into next cardiac cycle. 特点:占总充盈量的1/3,持续时间约 0.22s。此后心脏进入下一个心动周期。
II. Evaluation of cardiac pump function:心脏泵功能的评估 1. Stroke volume 每搏输出量,约为70ml 2.Cardiac output = stroke volume ×heart rate 每分输出量或心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率, 约为 5L / min (4.5 - 6.0L / min )。
3.Cardiac index 心指数 Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area,by which the cardiac outputs of different –sized people can be compared with one another,about 3.0~3.5L/(min·m2). 心指数是单位体表面积的心输出量,可用以比较不同体表面积者的心输出量,约为3.0~3.5L/(min·m2)。 Cardiac index = cardiac output /area of body surface 心指数=心输出量/体表面积
5. Cardiac work心脏做功量 Stroke work =Pressure - volume work + kinetic energy 每搏功 = 压力 - 容积功+动力功 a. pressure-volume work / beat = Force ×Distance F×D = (P×A) ×D =P (A×D) = P×ΔV压力容积功=压力×距离= (压强×面积) ×距离 =压强(面积×距离) =压强×体积
b. Kinetic energy: 1/2mV2 , 2-4% of cardiac work 动力功: 1/2mV2 ,占心脏做功的2-4% 每搏功=搏出量×射血压力 射血压力=平均动脉压=舒张压+1/3脉压 c. Mechanical efficiency of heart = P×ΔV / E 心脏的机械效率=压力×体积改变/化学能消耗 (E: chemical energy expenditure,化学能消耗)
III.Regulation of cardiac output心输出量的调节 Cardiac output = SV × HR 心输出量 = 搏出量 × 心率 significance:意义 • To meet the need of tissues under different conditions 满足不同条件下的组织需要
A. Effect of pre-load on cardiac output前负荷对心输出量的影响-异长自身调节 Frank-Starling Mechanism - Frank- Starling机制 During one specific scope,the bigger the LVEDV,the longer the initial length, and the stronger the strength of the cardiac contraction ,the larger the stoke volume and stoke work . 在一定范围内,心室舒张末期容积(压力)越大, 初长度越长,收缩力量越强,搏出量和搏功越大。
1.The principle of Frank- Starling mechanismFrank- Starling机制产生原理 Before the initial length of ventricular increases into the optimum level, the longer the initial length ,the larger the amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments ,and the more crossbridge links when activated ,the bigger the contraction intensity of sarcomere.As a result ,the contraction intensity of the whole ventricular and the stroke volume increase.
Feature of ventricular function curve:心室功能曲线的特征 a. Optimal pre-load (LVEDP) is 12–15mmHg, Under normal condition, LVEDP is 5 – 6 mmHg. 最适前负荷(左室舒张末压)为12–15mmHg, 正常情况下为5 – 6mmHg。 b. At the left to optimal pre-load, SV↑as LVEDP↑. 在左室达到最适前负荷前,搏出量随左室舒张末压的增加而增加。
c. At LVEDP 15 – 20 mmHg ,the curve still flat. 在左室舒张末压为15 – 20 mmHg 时,曲线趋于 平坦。 d. At LVEDP >20 mmHg , curve does not decline due to small distensibility of cardiac muscle. 在左室舒张末压>20 mmHg时,由于心肌可扩张能力小,曲线并不下降。
Small distensibility and big passive tension due to cardiac connective tissue. 较小的可扩张性和较大的静息张力与心脏的结缔 组织有关 • Ability to resist stretch of myocardium at filling pressure. 在充盈时防止心肌过度牵张 • A safety factor against overloading of heart in diastole. 在舒张期防止心脏负荷过重
2. The physiological functions of Frank- Starling mechanism Frank- Starling机制的生理意义 a.Balance the injection volume of ventricular and the venous return 使心室射血量与静脉回心血量相平衡 b.Keep the cardiac output of the left and right ventriculars equal 维持左右心室的心输出量相等
3. The main function of Frank- Starling mechanism Frank- Starling机制的主要作用 The main function of Frank- Starling mechanism is to carry out the subtle regulation of stroke volume.when undertaking continuous and intense physical labor , there is a great demand of increase in stroke volume. The mechanism of Frank- Starling law no longer play a role in this process ,and it’s mainly depend on the regulation of cardiac muscle contractility.
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