1. Carbon Compounds

2. The chemistry of Carbon • The chemistry of carbon is very important to living things • Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding • Can form 4 covalent bonds • Carbon can bond with many elements including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur • All living things have carbon in them

3. The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon can also bond with itself • Because carbon can bond with itself, it can form REALLY long chains

4. Carbon Chains

5. Macromolecules • Some molecules are so large, they are known as macromolecules, or “giant molecules” • We’ve talked about these before… • …carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acid, nucleic acid • Let’s look at more specifics

6. Carbohydrates • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • Main source of energy for living things • Sugars are “carbs” • When broken down, provide energy • Many living things store extra sugar is stored as starch

7. Carb: Simple sugars • Can be called monosaccarides and simple sugars • PS. Mono means 1 • Examples include: glucose and galactose (found in milk) and fructose (found in fruits) • Table sugar, sucrose, is made up of both glucose and fructose and is a disaccharide • PS. Di means two.

8. Complex Carbs • Large macromolecules formed when simple sugars join together • Many animals store extra sugar as a complex carb (glycogen) • When glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is broken down into glucose and enters the blood stream • Plants use a different complex carb, starch, to store extra sugar. • Plants also make a complex carb called cellulose

9. Cellulose • Cellulose gives plants their strength and rigidity. • Cellulose is the major part of wood and paper

10. Lipids • Fats, oils, and waxes are common lipids • Lipids are macromolecules that generally do not dissolve in water • Made of H and C • Some lipids store energy • Others form biological membranes • Some produce waterproof coverings on cells and tissues • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gqo3Y6WFYA

11. Saturated vs. Unsaturated • Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule joins with a fatty acid • Bonds are the “—” between the letters • If there are all single bonds, it is considered “saturated” • If there is a double-bond with any of the carbon, it is “unsaturated” • Lipids that have “unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature • ex.: olive oil

12. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

13. Saturated/Unsaturated

14. Nucleic Acid • Macromolecule containing H, O, N, C, P • Store and transmit genetic information • Two types-RNA ribonucleic acid • Contains ribose • DNA- deoxyribonucleic • Contains deoxyribose

15. Proteins • Micromolecules that contain: N, H, C, O • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJtAw61bzsM • Proteins make up Amino Acids • There are more than 20 different Amino acids • Functions: control cell processes and reaction rates, others form important parts in a cell, while others help fight disease • Amino Acids are joined in long chains according to instructions in the DNA