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Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds. Now that we know the basics of chemistry…. W e can use that knowledge to see how cells maintain their stable internal balance , or homeostasis !. How does your body maintain homeostasis?. You sweat when you get too hot. You shiver when you’re too cold.

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Carbon Compounds

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  1. Carbon Compounds

  2. Now that we know the basics of chemistry… • We can use that knowledge to see how cells maintain their stable internal balance, or homeostasis!

  3. How does your body maintain homeostasis? • You sweat when you get too hot. • You shiver when you’re too cold. • Your kidneys filter your blood to remove toxins. The molecules in your body help you maintain homeostasis!

  4. The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds. • Carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen, & more carbon.

  5. Why do we care about carbon? Carbon is the most important element in your body, because it can form long chains & long structures! The main components of your cells are composed of carbon!

  6. What is the smallest living unit of life? • Atoms • Nucleus • Cells • Tissues Cells!

  7. Cell Biology • The study of the basic unit of life, which are cells • Cells are the smallest living unit, but they are composed of smaller subparts of molecules & macromolecules!

  8. Macromolecules • “Giant Molecules” • Macromolecules are polymers! • Polymers consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers. • This process is called polymerization.

  9. A monomer is like a single Lego block… A polymer is like a Lego tower!

  10. Types of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Remember! These macromolecules are what make up the cells in your body & help your body to carry out its functions!

  11. Glucose Carbohydrates • Functions: • ENERGY! • ID tag on cell membrane • Carbs contain: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen

  12. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are polymers made up of monomers called monosaccharides! • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Multiple monosaccharides can bond together to create polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Monomer: Monosaccharide Carbohydrate Polymer: Polysaccharide

  13. Carbohydrates • Starch: complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that stores extra sugar • In animals, starch is called glycogen. • In plants, starch is called plant starch.

  14. What is the main function of carbohydrates? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Energy!

  15. What is the monomer of carbohydrates? • Fatty Acids • Nucleotides • Monosaccharides • Amino Acids Monosaccharides!

  16. Lipids • Functions: • Main part of the cell membrane • Can be used to store energy • Lipids contain: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Some Oxygen

  17. Lipids • Subunit: glycerol + fatty acid

  18. Lipids • The heads of lipids (glycerol) are hydrophilic (water loving). • The tails of lipids (fatty acids) are hydrophobic (water fearing). For this reason, lipids arrange themselves into 2 layers with their tails facing each other inside & the heads facing the inside of the cell & the exterior of the cell. This is why cell membranes are called lipid bilayers!

  19. Examples of Lipids • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steroids (cholesterol)

  20. Types of Lipids • Unsaturated Fatty Acids: found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature • Olive Oil • Saturated Fatty Acids: found in lipids that are solid at room temperature • Shortening or Butter

  21. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Saturated: only single bonds, max # of H atoms • Unsaturated: at least 1 C=C double bond

  22. What is the main function of lipids? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Cell membrane!

  23. Proteins • Functions: • Control cell processes • Build bones & muscles • Help fight disease • Proteins contain: • Nitrogen • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen

  24. Proteins • Monomers: amino acids • 20 types of amino acids • Same general structure, but different R group Amino Acids can bond together to form polypeptides (proteins)! Protein Monomer: Amino Acids Protein Polymer: Polypeptides

  25. What is the monomer of proteins? • Fatty Acids • Nucleotides • Monosaccharides • Amino Acids Amino Acids!

  26. Nucleic Acids • Function: • Store & transmit genetic information • Monomers: nucleotides • Polymers: • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

  27. What is the main function of nucleic acids? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Hereditary material!

  28. Which of the following is not found in a nucleotide? • Phosphate • Sugar • Glycerol • Base Glycerol!

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