Carbon Compounds

1. Carbon Compounds Why is carbon so important to life?

2. 6 P 6 N The Chemistry of Carbon • A whole branch of chemistry is set aside just to study carbon compounds • ~Organic chemistry • Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. • Carbon has four electrons that form covalent bonds with other atoms.

3. C C C C C C C C C C C C The chemistry of carbon • Carbon atoms have the ability to form strong bonds. • Not only can carbon atoms bond to H, N, O, P and S atoms, but a carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms! • ~gives carbon the ability to form long chains • ~carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds • ~chains of carbon atoms can close and form rings • This makes carbon a versatile element-- • No other element even comes close! C6H12O6

5. Why is carbon so important? • Life depends on carbon/organic compounds! When you eat food or inhale oxygen, your body uses these materials in chemical reactions that keep you alive. • Just as buildings are made from bricks, steel, glass and wood, living things are made from carbon/organic compounds. • Carbon or organic compounds arethe building blocks for organisms and the major source of their chemical energy. • All living organisms contain carbon.

6. macromolecules • Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as macromolecules, which means “giant molecules.” • Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates

7. Macromolecules-polymerization • Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerizationin which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. • The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. • ~”Mono” = one • ~”Poly” = many • Monomers may be identical • ~like the links on a metal watch band • Monomers may be different • ~like the beads in a multicolored necklace

8. Types of macromolecules • Four groups of organic compounds (macromolecules) found in living things are: • ~carbohydrates • ~lipids • ~nucleic acids • ~proteins • Sometimes these organic compounds are referred to as biomolecules

9. carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms • ~usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.  • Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. • Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes • Starchesand sugarsare examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. C6H12O6

10. Carbohydrates-Structure The monomers or “building blocks” of carbohydrates are monosaccharides -monosaccharide: one sugar molecule (Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose) -disaccharide: two sugar molecules (Ex: lactose, sucrose) -polysaccharide: many sugar molecules (Ex: glycogen (in animals), starch, cellulose (in plants))

11. Lipids • A lipid is a macromolecule made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms and they have oxygen atoms too. • Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. • Common categories of lipids are: • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steroids

12. Lipids-structure • Lipids are unique because they are nonpolar molecules, meaning they do NOT dissolve in water. • The monomers of lipids or the “building blocks” are fatty acids and glycerol. • Most lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids.

13. Lipids-Structure • If all of the carbons are singled bonded it is considered saturated. -If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.  • If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.

14. Nucleic acids (genetics!!) • Nucleic acids are macromolecules/polymers containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information • There are two kinds of nucleic acids:  • -ribonucleic acid (RNA) • -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

15. Nucleic acids-structure • The monomers or “building blocks” of nucleic acids are called nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of three parts: • -5-carbon sugar • -phosphate group • -nitrogenous base

16. proteins Proteins are macromolecules/polymers that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins can: -control the rate of reactions -regulate cell processes -form bones and muscles -transport substances into or out of cells -help to fight disease

17. Proteins-structure • The monomers or “building blocks” of proteins are called amino acids • Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (−COOH) on the other end. • There are 20 common amino acids used by all organisms in nature, in different combinations.

18. Protein-structure • The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Each protein has a specific role • All amino acids are identical in the regions where they may be joined together by covalent bonds. • This uniformity allows any amino acid to be joined to any other amino acid—by bonding an amino group to a carboxyl group. • The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.

19. Proteins-structure • Proteins can have up to four levels of organization: • Primary structure:the linear arrangement of amino acids in a protein and the location of covalent linkages such as peptide bonds between amino acids • Secondary structure: areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding. • Tertiary structure: the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids. • Quaternary structure: non-covalent interactions that bind multiple polypeptides into a single, larger protein. Hemoglobin has quaternary structure due to association of two alpha globin and two beta globin polyproteins.

20. Summary • Carbon compounds are necessary for all living things (organic compounds) • Large carbon compounds are called macromolecules or biomolecules • Four types of macromolecules • 1. Carbohydrates • a. Monomer is a monosaccharide • b. “quick energy” • 2. Lipids • a. Monomer is a glycerol and 3 fatty acids • b. Long-term energy • c. Fats and fat storage • 3. Nucleic Acids • a. Monomer is the nucleotide • b. DNA and RNA • 4. Proteins • a. Monomer is amino acids • b. Have many different functions • c. Enzymes-will learn about next class