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Early Childhood

Early Childhood. Unit 4. Growth & Development. Physical Growth: Preschool Age: Loss of baby fat, gain in length/height Early childhood growth should be 3 inches and 4.5 pounds per year Slower growth relative to later years indicates that small appetites are normal. Growth & Development.

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Early Childhood

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  1. Early Childhood Unit 4

  2. Growth & Development • Physical Growth: • Preschool Age: Loss of baby fat, gain in length/height • Early childhood growth should be 3 inches and 4.5 pounds per year Slower growth relative to later years indicates that small appetites are normal

  3. Growth & Development • Brain Growth: • 90% of the lifetime neurons are present by age 6. • Brain continues to increase in size • New pathways develop • Brain eventually “trims” unneeded neurons and organizes quick reactions

  4. Growth & Development • Motor Skills: • Gross motor skills increase • Fine motor skills slow during early childhood due to increased weight of hands and fingers and lack of neural control of muscles

  5. Piaget’s Cognitive Development • Centration: Focusing on one aspect of a situation • Egocentrism • Past-age centrism

  6. Piaget’s Cognitive Development • 3 Principles of Numbers: • Stable-Order Principle: 1,2,3… • One-to-One Principle: 1 is always 1, 2 is always 2… • Cardinal Principle: The last number is the sum total

  7. Piaget’s Cognitive Development • Semiotic Function aka Abstract Symbolism: The ability to use symbols to represent something • Transductive Reasoning: Two objects sharing qualities are the same • Conservation: Changing the shape doesn’t change the quantity • Irreversibility: Unable to understand that reversing an action takes the object back to the original state

  8. Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development • Private Speech • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

  9. Maltreatment • Intergenerational Transmission: The likelihood that an abused child will commit the same behaviors as an adult. • NOT common!

  10. Preventing Maltreatment • Identify emotional needs • Increase community support • Help parents find coping mechanisms

  11. Social Development • Self-confidence and social skills are developed in early childhood • The Self: The child still has difficulty understanding the concept of self, but can distinguish themselves physically from others in a picture.

  12. Social Development • Erkison: Initiative vs. Guilt • Freud: Oedipal vs Electra Complexes • Learning Theorists: Children model the behaviors seen around them.

  13. The Parent-Child Relationship • Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

  14. Sibling Relationships • Only Children: • More verbal • More creative • More likely to continue to college • Weaker in social skills, but will develop normal social skills if exposed to other children

  15. Peer Relationships • 6 Types of Play • Unoccupied Behavior: Observing but not participating • Solitary Play: Playing next to another child without interacting • Onlooker Behavior: Observing others play while commenting, but not participating. • Parallel Play: Playing with the same toys as another child, often while next to each-other, but playing independently • Associated Play: Play with other children in a disorganized manner • Cooperative Play: Playing with other children in an organized manner

  16. Peer Relationships • Piaget’s 3 Levels of Play • Functional Play: Repetitive motions, with or without toys, to develop coordination • Constructive Play: The use of objects to create things, to develop imagination and abstraction • Dramatic Play: Using imaginary situations with prearranged rules to play a game, to mimic and practice social roles

  17. Impact of Daycare • Overall, beneficial! • Better foundation for education allows children to be.. • Less likely to repeat a grade • More likely to finish high school • More likely to continue to college • More likely to maintain a steady work position • Increased social skills • Increased ability to handle new situations

  18. Effects of Divorce • Ability to cope directly tied to stability and emotional state of the parent • The more positive the parents stay the better • The more stable the child’s life the better • Children are better after a divorce if the marriage was high-conflict

  19. Mass Media Influences • Learning theories state that exposing a child to any behavior, media or life, will influence their knowledge • There is a link between violence on television and aggressive behavior, but which came first?

  20. Childhood Fears • Stranger Wariness • Separation Anxiety • School Anxiety • Avoidant Behaviors • Fears tend to be adapted as learned behaviors!

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